Distress as a Function of Social Exclusion and Assertiveness among Homosexual/Bisexual People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Effects of Social Exclusion and Assertiveness on Distress
1.2. Hypotheses
- Social exclusion experienced is positively predictive of distress.
- Assertiveness is negatively predictive of distress.
- Assertiveness is less negatively predictive of distress when social exclusion experienced is higher. That is, the coupling of assertiveness and social exclusion together is positively predictive of distress.
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Clinical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Scoring | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|
Age | years | 33.7 | 12.1 |
Education | years | 15.5 | 3.1 |
Female | 0, 100 (%) | 23.5 | 41.8 |
Homosexual | 0, 100 (%) | 78.9 | 40.5 |
Social desirability, last year | 0–100 | 57.6 | 21.1 |
Acquiescence | 0–100 | 44.3 | 11.5 |
Distress, current year | 0–100 | 43.3 | 20.0 |
Distress, last year | 0–100 | 43.1 | 18.6 |
Assertiveness, last year | 0–100 | 45.4 | 21.4 |
Social exclusion experienced, last year | 0–100 | 48.0 | 23.7 |
Factor/Indicator | Trait | Method |
---|---|---|
Distress, current year | ||
Feeling nervous | 0.593 | 0.544 |
Feeling flurried | 0.696 | 0.459 |
Feeling worried | 0.668 | 0.476 |
Feeling troubled | 0.671 | 0.523 |
(not) Calming down | 0.582 | −0.272 |
(not) Having self-control | 0.616 | −0.209 |
(not) Having emotional stability | 0.559 | −0.213 |
Distress, last year | ||
Feeling nervous | 0.469 | 0.562 |
Feeling flurried | 0.620 | 0.501 |
Feeling worried | 0.605 | 0.495 |
Feeling troubled | 0.602 | 0.508 |
(not) Calming down | 0.698 | −0.329 |
(not) Having self-control | 0.639 | −0.323 |
(not) Having emotional stability | 0.675 | −0.366 |
Social exclusion experienced, 2016 | ||
Society rejecting you | 0.819 | 0.460 |
Society resisting you | 0.671 | 0.375 |
Society discriminating against you | 0.512 | 0.422 |
Society resenting you | 0.839 | 0.434 |
Assertiveness, last year | ||
Fighting for rights | 0.802 | 0.503 |
Striving for justice | 0.429 | 0.519 |
Confronting conservatives | 0.530 | 0.503 |
Social desirability, last year | ||
Being ready to help others | 0.592 | 0.368 |
Being happy to admit mistakes | 0.637 | 0.447 |
Treating people with disagreeable opinions courtesy | 0.657 | 0.369 |
Being confident in your judgment | 0.676 | 0.293 |
Predictor | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.052 | −0.041 | −0.049 |
about the Female | −0.010 | −0.006 | −0.009 |
Education | −0.002 | 0.001 | −0.007 |
Homosexual vs. bisexual | 0.020 | 0.009 | 0.010 |
Social desirability, last year | 0.079 | 0.097 | 0.118 |
Acquiescence | 0.080 | 0.128 | 0.093 |
Distress, last year | 0.808 *** | 0.801 *** | 0.797 *** |
Assertiveness, last year | −0.153 ** | −0.198 ** | −0.205 ** |
Social exclusion experienced, last year | 0.139 ** | 0.126 * | 0.146 ** |
Assertiveness × Social exclusion experienced, last year | 0.084 * | 0.095 * | |
Distress × Assertiveness, last year | −0.061 | ||
Distress × Social exclusion experienced, last year | 0.055 | ||
R2 | 0.694 | 0.699 | 0.704 |
Minimum tolerance | 0.358 | 0.309 | 0.285 |
Predictor | Lesbian | Gay | Bisexual |
---|---|---|---|
Distress, last year | 0.045 | 0.024 | −0.063 |
Assertiveness, last year | −0.018 | 0.043 | −0.024 |
Social exclusion experienced, last year | −0.052 | 0.064 | −0.033 |
Assertiveness × Social exclusion experienced, last year | −0.023 | 0.023 | −0.006 |
Distress × Assertiveness, last year | −0.006 | 0.047 | −0.051 |
Distress × Social exclusion experienced, last year | −0.021 | 0.050 | −0.045 |
Predictor | Exclusion | Assertive |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.139 * | −0.013 |
Female | −0.011 | 0.099 |
Education | −0.031 | −0.016 |
Homosexual vs. bisexual | 0.036 | −0.039 |
Social desirability, last year | −0.229 ** | 0.212 ** |
Acquiescence | 0.607 *** | 0.566 *** |
R2 | 0.299 | 0.481 |
Minimum tolerance | 0.772 | 0.772 |
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Cheung, C.-k.; Tsang, E.Y.-h. Distress as a Function of Social Exclusion and Assertiveness among Homosexual/Bisexual People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050633
Cheung C-k, Tsang EY-h. Distress as a Function of Social Exclusion and Assertiveness among Homosexual/Bisexual People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(5):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050633
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheung, Chau-kiu, and Eileen Yuk-ha Tsang. 2024. "Distress as a Function of Social Exclusion and Assertiveness among Homosexual/Bisexual People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 5: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050633