The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density in the Population of the Abay Region of Kazakhstan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Bone Measurements and the Survey
2.4. Analysis Method
3. Results
Parameter | OR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.05 | 1.04; 1.06 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 1.04; 1.06 | <0.001 |
Sex | - | - | - | |||
Male | 0.77 | 0.45; 1.29 | 0.32 | |||
Female | ref | |||||
Weight (kg) | 0.98 | 0.97; 0.99 | 0.005 | - | - | - |
Height | 0.97 | 0.95; 0.99 | 0.003 | - | - | - |
BMI | 0.95 | 0.92; 0.98 | 0.002 | 0.92 | 0.88; 0.95 | <0.001 |
Chronic diseases | 1.56 | 1.08; 2.26 | 0.019 | 0.87 | 0.48; 1.57 | 0.64 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.13 | 1.31; 3.47 | 0.002 | 1.71 | 0.85; 3.48 | 0.14 |
Glucocorticoid (GC) consumption | 1.66 | 1.01; 2.71 | 0.04 | 1.02 | 0.52; 1.99 | 0.95 |
History of fractures | 2.25 | 1.56; 3.26 | <0.001 | 1.64 | 1.07; 2.53 | 0.02 |
Frequent falls or fear of falling | 1.69 | 1.15; 2.48 | 0.008 | 0.98 | 0.61; 1.57 | 0.92 |
Decrease in height | 1.79 | 1.15; 2.79 | 0.010 | 1.10 | 0.66; 1.84 | 0.71 |
Insufficient physical activity | 0.92 | 0.64; 1.33 | 0.669 | - | - | - |
Alcohol consumption | 3.47 | 1.01; 11.98 | 0.049 | 3.25 | 0.88; 12.03 | 0.08 |
Lack of outdoor time | 0.82 | 0.52; 1.27 | 0.363 | - | - | - |
Lack of vitamin D consumption | 0.95 | 0.60; 1.50 | 0.82 | - | - | - |
Lack of calcium consumption | 0.73 | 0.42; 1.26 | 0.27 | - | - | - |
Cigarettes | 1.39 | 0.5; 2.96 | 0.40 | - | - | - |
Dairy products | 1.29 | 0.66; 2.52 | 0.50 | - | - | - |
Greens | 1.21 | 0.82; 1.81 | 0.35 | - | - | - |
Meat | 1.56 | 0.31; 7.78 | 0.59 | - | - | - |
Fish | 0.88 | 0.51; 1.53 | 0.66 | - | - | - |
Consumption of nuts and dried fruits | 0.46 | 0.27; 0.78 | 0.004 | 0.48 | 0.27; 0.85 | 0.012 |
Eggs | 0.69 | 0.39; 1.19 | 0.18 | - | - | - |
Soda | 0.99 | 0.70; 1.41 | 0.97 | - | - | - |
Fast food | 0.89 | 0.64; 1.25 | 0.51 | - | - | - |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | All Respondents (n = 641) | Less than 50 Years (n = 310) | 50 Years and Above (n = 331) | Statistical Criterion | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 564 (88.0%) | 266 (85.8%) | 298 (90.0%) | χ2 = 2.7 | 0.1 |
Male | 77 (12.0%) | 44 (14.2%) | 33 (10.0%) | ||
Densitometry | χ2 = 67.94 | <0.001 | |||
Healthy bone | 422 (65.9%) | 251 (81.2%) | 171 (51.7%) | ||
Low bone mass (Osteopenia) | 129 (20.2%) | 43 (13.9%) | 86 (26.0%) | ||
Osteoporosis | 89 (13.9%) | 15 (4.9%) | 74 (22.4%) | ||
Fractures after minor injuries and falls | 158 (24.6%) | 46 (14.8%) | 112 (33.8%) | χ2 = 31.11 | <0.001 |
Frequent falls or fear of falling | 140 (21.8%) | 35 (11.3%) | 105 (31.7%) | χ2 = 39.15 | <0.001 |
After the age of 40, have you lost more than 3 cm in height | 94 (14.7%) | 23 (7.4%) | 71 (21.5%) | χ2 = 25.18 | <0.001 |
Chronic diseases | 158 (24.6%) | 48 (15.5%) | 110 (33.2%) | χ2 =27.15 | <0.001 |
Hepatitis | 7 (1.1%) | 4 (1.3%) | 3 (0.9%) | 0.72 * | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 3 (0.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.6%) | 1.0 * | |
Cancer | 9 (1.4%) | 4 (1.3%) | 5 (1.5%) | 1.0 * | |
Diabetes | 15 (2.5%) | 4 (1.3%) | 12 (3.6%) | 0.08 * | |
Thyroid or parathyroid gland disorders | 60 (9.4%) | 22 (7.1%) | 38 (11.5%) | χ2 = 3.63 | 0.06 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 74 (11.5%) | 18 (5.8%) | 56 (16.9%) | 19.36 | <0.001 |
Drug therapy | |||||
Antidiabetic | 10 (1.6%) | 2 (0.6%) | 8 (2.4%) | 0.11 * | |
Antacids | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1.0 * | |
Immunosuppressants | 7 (1.1%) | 0 | 7 (2.1%) | 0.02 * | |
Glucocorticoids | 74 (11.5%) | 20 (6.5%) | 54 (16.3%) | χ2 = 15.25 | <0.001 |
Vitamin D | 94 (14.7%) | 40 (12.9%) | 54 (16.3%) | χ2 = 1.49 | 0.22 |
Calcium | 59 (9.2%) | 22 (7.1%) | 37 (11.2%) | χ2 = 3.19 | 0.07 |
Parameter | All Respondents (n = 641) | Less than 50 Years (n = 310) | 50 Years and Above (n = 331) | Statistical Criterion | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | 463 (72.2%) | 225 (72.6%) | 238 (71.9%) | χ2 = 0.04 a | 0.85 |
Being outdoors | 529 (82.5%) | 262 (84.5%) | 267 (80.7%) | χ2 = 1.65 | 0.19 |
Family history of osteoporosis | 87 (13.6%) | 39 (12.6%) | 48 (14.5%) | χ2 = 0.51 | 0.48 |
Parents’ history of fractures | 87 (13.6%) | 45 (14.5%) | 42 (12.7%) | χ2 = 0.46 | 0.50 |
Alcohol, 3 or more units/day | 11 (1.7%) | 3 (1.0%) | 8 (2.4%) | 0.23 * | |
Current smoking | 29 (4.5%) | 15 (4.8%) | 14 (4.2%) | χ2 = 0.14 | 0.71 |
Weight, kg | 67.0 (20.0) | 63.0 (16.5) | 70.0 (18.0) | U = 39,371.0 ** | <0.001 |
Height, cm | 162.0 (10.5) | 163.0 (10.3) | 160.0 (9.0) | U = 43,943.5 ** | 0.002 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 (7.05) | 23.2 (6.12) | 25.3 (7.5) | U = 43,272.0 ** | 0.001 |
Parameter/Frequency of Use | All Respondents (n =641) | Less than 50 Years (n =310) | 50 Years and Above (n =331) | Statistical Criterion | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption of milk and dairy products | χ2 = 0.48 | 0.79 | |||
none | 45 (7.0%) | 24 (7.7%) | 21 (6.3%) | ||
rarely | 326 (50.9%) | 156 (50.3%) | 170 (51.4%) | ||
often | 270 (42.1%) | 130 (41.9%) | 140 (42.3%) | ||
Vegetables and greens | χ2 = 7.42 | 0.02 | |||
none | 143 (22.3%) | 79 (25.5%) | 64 (19.3%) | ||
rarely | 340 (53.0%) | 168 (54.2%) | 172 (52.0%) | ||
often | 158 (24.6%) | 63 (20.3%) | 95 (28.7%) | ||
Meat products (red meat) | χ2 = 6.47 | 0.04 | |||
none | 8 (1.2%) | 7 (2.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
rarely | 64 (10.0%) | 26 (8.4%) | 38 (11.5%) | ||
often | 569 (88.8%) | 277 (89.4%) | 292 (88.2%) | ||
Fish and seafood | χ2 = 0.53 | 0.29 | |||
none | 60 (9.4%) | 33 (10.6%) | 27 (8.2) | ||
rarely | 524 (81.7%) | 254 (81.9%) | 270 (81.6%) | ||
often | 57 (8.9%) | 23 (7.4%) | 34 (10.3%) | ||
Nuts and dried fruits | χ2 = 2.47 | 0.29 | |||
none | 63 (9.8%) | 26 (8.4%) | 37 (11.2%) | ||
rarely | 414 (64.6%) | 209 (67.4%) | 205 (61.9%) | ||
often | 164 (25.6%) | 75 (24.2%) | 89 (26.9%) | ||
Eggs | χ2 = 1.78 | 0.41 | |||
none | 57 (8.9%) | 25 (8.1%) | 32 (9.7%) | ||
rarely | 372 (58.0%) | 175 (56.5%) | 197 (59.5%) | ||
often | 212 (33.1%) | 110 (35.5%) | 102 (30.8%) | ||
Soda | χ2 = 51.99 | <0.001 | |||
none | 203 (31.7%) | 62 (20.0%) | 141 (42.6%) | ||
rarely | 327 (51.0%) | 168 (54.2%) | 159 (48.0%) | ||
often | 111 (17.3%) | 80 (25.8%) | 31 (9.4%) | ||
Fast food | χ2 = 76.30 | <0.001 | |||
none | 253 (39.5%) | 72 (23.2%) | 181 (54.7%) | ||
rarely | 348 (54.3%) | 204 (65.8%) | 144 (43.5%) | ||
often | 40 (6.2%) | 34 (11.0%) | 6 (1.8%) |
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Madiyeva, M.; Rymbayeva, T.; Kaskabayeva, A.; Bersimbekova, G.; Kanapiyanova, G.; Prilutskaya, M.; Akhmetzhanova, D.; Alimbayeva, A.; Omarov, N. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density in the Population of the Abay Region of Kazakhstan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060681
Madiyeva M, Rymbayeva T, Kaskabayeva A, Bersimbekova G, Kanapiyanova G, Prilutskaya M, Akhmetzhanova D, Alimbayeva A, Omarov N. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density in the Population of the Abay Region of Kazakhstan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(6):681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060681
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadiyeva, Madina, Tamara Rymbayeva, Alida Kaskabayeva, Gulzhan Bersimbekova, Gulnur Kanapiyanova, Mariya Prilutskaya, Dinara Akhmetzhanova, Aliya Alimbayeva, and Nazarbek Omarov. 2024. "The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density in the Population of the Abay Region of Kazakhstan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6: 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060681