Comparison of Estonian Schoolchildren’s Physical Activity and Fitness Indicators before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic’s Period of Restricted Mobility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
- 2017 females:12–13-y—n = 643, age: 12.15 ± 0.3614–15-y—n = 579, age: 14.21 ± 0.4116–17-y—n = 469, age: 16.15 ± 0.36
- 2017 males:12–13-y—n = 694, age: 12.20 ± 0.4014–15-y—n = 581, age: 14.25 ± 0.4416–17-y—n = 447, age: 16.21 ± 0.41
- 2022 females:12–13-y—n = 631, age: 12.29 ± 0.4614–15-y—n = 514, age: 14.28 ± 0.4516–17-y—n = 360, age: 16.28 ± 0.45
- 2022 males:12–13-y—n = 667, age: 12.36 ± 0.4814–15-y—n = 564, age: 14.33 ± 0.4716–17-y—n = 298, age: 16.28 ± 0.48
2.2. Organization of the Study
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Physical Activity Questionnaire
- Never;
- Less than once a month;
- Once a month;
- Once a week;
- 2–3 times a week;
- 4–6 times a week;
- Every day.
- “low frequency”—answer options 1–4;
- “moderate frequency”—answer option 5;
- “high frequency”—answer options 6–7.
- 8.
- None;
- 9.
- About 0.5 h;
- 10.
- About 1 h;
- 11.
- About 2–3 h;
- 12.
- About 4–6 h;
- 13.
- 7 h or more.
- “low intensity hours”—answer options 1–3;
- “moderate intensity hours”—answer option 4;
- “high intensity hours”—answer options 5–6.
- 14.
- None;
- 15.
- About 0.5 h;
- 16.
- About 1 h;
- 17.
- About 2–3 h;
- 18.
- About 4–6 h;
- 19.
- 7 h or more.
- “low active outdoor hours”—answer options 1–3;
- “moderate active outdoor hours”—answer option 4;
- “high active outdoor hours”—answer options 5–6.
2.3.2. Physical Fitness Tests
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descripitive Results
3.2. Physical Activity
3.3. Physical Fitness
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender and Age Groups | Weight (kg) M ± SD (n) | Height (m) M ± SD (n) | BMI (kg/m2) M ± SD (n) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2022 | p-Value | 2017 | 2022 | p-Value | 2017 | 2022 | p-Value | |
Females | |||||||||
12–13-y | 50.83 ± 10.82 | 50.28 ± 10.25 | 0.472 | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 1.61 ± 0.07 | 0.089 | 19.78 ± 3.52 | 19.38 ± 3.21 | 0.086 |
(95% CI) | (49.87–51.80) | (49.11–51.45) | (1.593–1.605) | (1.600–1.614) | (19.488–20.068) | (19.027–19.730) | |||
(n) | (581) | (395) | (594) | (412) | (580) | (394) | |||
14–15-y | 57.69 ± 9.83 | 57.51 ± 10.41 | 0.820 | 1.66 ± 0.06 | 1.67 ± 0.07 | 0.036 | 20.91 ± 3.24 | 20.59 ± 3.17 | 0.187 |
(95% CI) | (56.64–58.75) | (56.30–58.72) | (1.653–1.666) | (1.663–1.678) | (20.597–21.233) | (20.224–20.953) | |||
(n) | (484) | (368) | (487) | (380) | (482) | (367) | |||
16–17-y | 60.86 ± 10.06 | 59.83 ± 8.98 | 0.280 | 1.68 ± 0.06 | 1.69 ± 0.06 | 0.271 | 21.57 ± 3.20 | 21.06 ± 2.90 | 0.078 |
(95% CI) | (59.70–62.01) | (58.36–61.30) | (1.671–1.686) | (1.676–1.694) | (21.218–21.913) | (20.619–21.502) | |||
(n) | (405) | (250) | (410) | (253) | (405) | (250) | |||
Males | |||||||||
12–13-y | 51.50 ± 12.79 | 52.08 ± 12.59 | 0.451 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 1.63 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 19.92 ± 3.95 | 19.66 ± 3.78 | 0.247 |
(95% CI) | (50.58–52.42) | (50.88–53.28) | (1.597–1.608) | (1.619–1.634) | (19.648–20.201) | (19.293–20.017) | |||
(n) | (641) | (373) | (646) | (396) | (638) | (372) | |||
14–15-y | 64.25 ± 12.82 | 66.22 ± 14.75 | 0.013 | 1.74 ± 0.08 | 1.76 ± 0.08 | 0.018 | 21.09 ± 3.83 | 21.36 ± 4.16 | 0.264 |
(95% CI) | (63.23–65.27) | (65.04–67.40) | (1.738–1.751) | (1.749–1.764) | (20.783–21.399) | (21.004–21.714) | |||
(n) | (520) | (388) | (517) | (395) | (515) | (387) | |||
16–17-y | 72.87 ± 13.95 | 70.15 ± 12.61 | 0.006 | 1.81 ± 0.07 | 1.81 ± 0.07 | 0.627 | 22.22 ± 3.72 | 21.53 ± 3.22 | 0.019 |
(95% CI) | (71.73–74.01) | (68.64–71.71) | (1.801–1.816) | (1.796–1.815) | (21.875–22.562) | (21.066–21.993) | |||
(n) | (413) | (228) | (413) | (226) | (413) | (226) |
Gender and Age Groups | 2017 | 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate | High | χ2 | p-Value | |
All Students | 22.0% | 36.7% | 41.3% | 21.3% | 34.4% | 44.3% | 4.396 | 0.111 |
(n) | (697) | (1162) | (1309) | (394) | (637) | (820) | ||
Females | ||||||||
12–13-y | 22.2% | 39.4% | 38.4% | 24.7% | 38.2% | 37.2% | 0.813 | 0.666 |
(n) | (136) | (241) | (235) | (97) | (150) | (146) | ||
14–15-y | 21.0% | 38.6% | 40.4% | 24.5% | 34.4% | 41.1% | 2.085 | 0.352 |
(n) | (112) | (206) | (216) | (81) | (114) | (136) | ||
16–17-y | 31.5% | 35.6% | 32.9% | 26.9% | 34.5% | 38.6% | 2.460 | 0.292 |
(n) | (137) | (155) | (143) | (60) | (77) | (86) | ||
Males | ||||||||
12–13-y | 17.2% | 36.3% | 46.2% | 15.6% | 33.6% | 50.8% | 2.051 | 0.359 |
(n) | (113) | (240) | (303) | (60) | (129) | (195) | ||
14–15-y | 20.0% | 34.2% | 45.8% | 17.1% | 31.7% | 51.2% | 2.689 | 0.261 |
(n) | (106) | (181) | (243) | (63) | (117) | (189) | ||
16–17-y | 23.2% | 34.7% | 42.1% | 21.9% | 33.1% | 45.0% | 0.376 | 0.829 |
(n) | (93) | (139) | (169) | (33) | (50) | (68) |
Gender and Age Groups | 2017 | 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate | High | χ2 | p-Value | |
All Students | 34.8% | 31.5% | 33.6% | 39.1% | 27.4% | 33.5% | 12.379 | 0.002 |
(n) | (1104) | (999) | (1065) | (723) | (507) | (621) | ||
Females | ||||||||
12–13-y | 35.6% | 34.3% | 30.2% | 46.1% | 28.5% | 25.4% | 10.979 | 0.004 |
(n) | (217) | (209) | (184) | (181) | (112) | (100) | ||
14–15-y | 36.0% | 34.7% | 29.3% | 40.5% | 26.9% | 32.6% | 5.770 | 0.056 |
(n) | (192) | (185) | (156) | (134) | (89) | (108) | ||
16–17-y | 41.4% | 28.7% | 29.9% | 41.3% | 29.1% | 29.6% | 0.013 | 0.993 |
(n) | (180) | (125) | (130) | (92) | (65) | (66) | ||
Males | ||||||||
12–13-y | 32.9% | 30.5% | 36.6% | 33.1% | 27.6% | 39.3% | 1.169 | 0.557 |
(n) | (216) | (200) | (240) | (127) | (106) | (151) | ||
14–15-y | 32.5% | 28.0% | 39.6% | 37.4% | 27.4% | 35.2% | 2.665 | 0.264 |
(n) | (173) | (149) | (211) | (138) | (101) | (130) | ||
16–17-y | 31.4% | 32.7% | 35.9% | 33.8% | 22.5% | 43.7% | 5.725 | 0.057 |
(n) | (126) | (131) | (144) | (51) | (34) | (66) |
Gender and Age Groups | 2017 | 2022 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate | High | χ2 | p-Value | |
All Students | 23.5% | 35.6% | 40.9% | 31.7% | 35.4% | 32.8% | 49.708 | <0.001 |
(n) | (739) | (1117) | (1285) | (588) | (656) | (608) | ||
Females | ||||||||
12–13-y | 21.4% | 37.7% | 40.9% | 34.8% | 35.0% | 30.2% | 23.847 | <0.001 |
(n) | (130) | (229) | (248) | (137) | (138) | (119) | ||
14–15-y | 24.0% | 36.0% | 40.0% | 33.2% | 40.2% | 26.6% | 17.813 | <0.001 |
(n) | (127) | (191) | (212) | (110) | (133) | (88) | ||
16–17-y | 25.3% | 40.6% | 34.1% | 32.3% | 37.7% | 30.0% | 3.613 | 0.164 |
(n) | (110) | (176) | (148) | (72) | (84) | (67) | ||
Males | ||||||||
12–13-y | 21.9% | 33.0% | 45.1% | 28.1% | 35.7% | 36.2% | 8.875 | 0.012 |
(n) | (142) | (214) | (292) | (108) | (137) | (139) | ||
14–15-y | 26.1% | 33.0% | 40.8% | 27.9% | 33.1% | 39.0% | 0.430 | 0.807 |
(n) | (137) | (173) | (214) | (103) | (122) | (144) | ||
16–17-y | 23.4% | 33.7% | 43.0% | 38.4% | 27.8% | 33.8% | 12.464 | 0.002 |
(n) | (93) | (134) | (171) | (58) | (42) | (51) |
Gender and Age Groups | Standing Broad Jump (m) M ± SD | Bent-Arm Hang (s) M ± SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2022 | p | M. Dif. | 2017 | 2022 | p | M. Dif. | |
Females | ||||||||
12–13-y | 1.58 ± 0.25 | 1.52 ± 0.30 | <0.001 | −0.065 (−0.030–−0.100) | 9.40 ± 13.05 | 6.78 ± 7.43 | 0.003 | −2.615 (−0.880–−4.351) |
(95% CI) | (1.56–1.61) | (1.49–1.55) | (8.31–10.49) | (5.45–8.13) | ||||
(n) | (591) | (391) | (587) | (384) | ||||
14–15-y | 1.66 ± 0.24 | 1.60 ± 0.26 | <0.001 | −0.063 (−0.027–−0.099) | 8.79 ± 10.37 | 6.19 ± 9.67 | 0.005 | −2.602 (−0.772–−4.431) |
(95% CI) | (1.64–1.68) | (1.57–1.62) | (7.61–9.97) | (4.79–7.58) | ||||
(n) | (512) | (386) | (502) | (358) | ||||
16–17-y | 1.71 ± 0.25 | 1.62 ± 0.29 | 0.001 | −0.072 (−0.029–−0.115) | 8.23 ± 10.04 | 5.61 ± 7.73 | 0.016 | −2.624 (−0.492–−4.757) |
(95% CI) | (1.69–1.74) | (1.61–1.68) | (6.91–9.56) | (3.94–7.28) | ||||
(n) | (400) | (251) | (397) | (251) | ||||
Males | ||||||||
12–13-y | 1.68 ± 0.27 | 1.72 ± 0.28 | 0.016 | 0.041 (0.075–0.008) | 12.51 ± 13.52 | 12.09 ± 14.70 | 0.628 | −0.417 (1.269–−2.103) |
(95% CI) | (1.66–1.70) | (1.70–1.75) | (11.47–13.55) | (10.76–13.42) | ||||
(n) | (647) | (419) | (647) | (397) | ||||
14–15-y | 1.97 ± 0.30 | 1.91 ± 0.30 | 0.002 | −0.057 (−0.022–−0.093) | 20.28 ± 17.94 | 17.33 ± 15.47 | 0.001 | −2.949 (−1.192–−4.706) |
(95% CI) | (1.95–1.99) | (1.89–1.94) | (19.14–21.43) | (16.00–18.67) | ||||
(n) | (526) | (389) | (535) | (393) | ||||
16–17-y | 2.21 ± 0.26 | 2.16 ± 0.28 | 0.011 | −0.057 (−0.013–−0.101) | 30.03 ± 17.37 | 27.55 ± 17.36 | 0.026 | −2.483 (−0.296–−4.671) |
(95% CI) | (2.19–2.24) | (2.12–2.19) | (28.72–31.35) | (25.80–29.30) | ||||
(n) | (411) | (229) | (407) | (228) |
Gender and Age Groups | Curl-Up (Number of Repetition) M ± SD | 20 m Shuttle Run (Number of Stages) M ± SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2022 | p | M. Dif. | 2017 | 2022 | p | M. Dif. | |
Females | ||||||||
12–13-y | 55.53 ± 21.87 | 45.70 ± 22.59 | <0.001 | −9.824 (−6.956–−12.692) | 32.74 ± 16.57 | 25.55 ± 13.42 | <0.001 | −7.198 (−4.520–−9.876) |
(95% CI) | (53.74–57.32) | (43.46–47.95) | (31.11–34.37) | (23.42–27.67) | ||||
(n) | (591) | (375) | (580) | (341) | ||||
14–15-y | 52.22 ± 22.77 | 45.52 ± 23.19 | <0.001 | −6.708 (−3.735–−9.680) | 35.36 ± 19.10 | 25.50 ± 13.01 | <0.001 | −9.863 (−7.091–−12.636) |
(95% CI) | (50.31–54.14) | (43.25–47.79) | (33.61–37.11) | (23.35–27.65) | ||||
(n) | (513) | (366) | (503) | (333) | ||||
16–17-y | 51.48 ± 22.17 | 46.84 ± 22.62 | 0.009 | −4.640 (−1.168–−8.113) | 36.48 ± 18.10 | 29.82 ± 15.25 | <0.001 | −6.659 (−3.458–−9.860) |
(95% CI) | (49.33–53.63) | (44.12–49.57) | (34.51–38.46) | (27.31–32.34) | ||||
(n) | (408) | (254) | (394) | (243) | ||||
Males | ||||||||
12–13-y | 56.61 ± 22.02 | 51.65 ± 21.97 | <0.001 | −4.964 (−2.136–−7.792) | 38.86 ± 20.58 | 34.95 ± 17.10 | 0.003 | −3.909 (−1.344–−6.474) |
(95% CI) | (54.90–58.33) | (49.40–53.90) | (37.31–40.41) | (32.91–36.99) | ||||
(n) | (643) | (373) | (640) | (369) | ||||
14–15-y | 59.26 ± 24.35 | 53.26 ± 21.73 | <0.001 | −5.998 (−3.076–−8.919) | 51.22 ± 25.26 | 41.02 ± 20.94 | <0.001 | −10.206 (−7.540–−12.87) |
(95% CI) | (57.38–61.15) | (51.03–55.50) | (49.52–52.93) | (38.97–43.07) | ||||
(n) | (531) | (379) | (531) | (366) | ||||
16–17-y | 62.81 ± 18.02 | 57.57 ± 21.33 | 0.004 | −5.240 (−1.650–−8.831) | 65.54 ± 28.80 | 53.06 ± 22.54 | <0.001 | −12.473 (−9.208–−15.738) |
(95% CI) | (60.66–64.96) | (54.69–60.45) | (63.59–67.48) | (50.44–55.69) | ||||
(n) | (409) | (228) | (407) | (224) |
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Kuu, S.; Noormets, J.; Rääsk, T.; Pedak, K.; Saaron, V.; Baskin, K.; Port, K. Comparison of Estonian Schoolchildren’s Physical Activity and Fitness Indicators before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic’s Period of Restricted Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060744
Kuu S, Noormets J, Rääsk T, Pedak K, Saaron V, Baskin K, Port K. Comparison of Estonian Schoolchildren’s Physical Activity and Fitness Indicators before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic’s Period of Restricted Mobility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(6):744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060744
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuu, Saima, Joe Noormets, Triin Rääsk, Kirsti Pedak, Viktor Saaron, Karin Baskin, and Kristjan Port. 2024. "Comparison of Estonian Schoolchildren’s Physical Activity and Fitness Indicators before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic’s Period of Restricted Mobility" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6: 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060744