Perceptions of Adulthood and Mental Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Mental Health and Adulthood
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Perceptions of Adulthood
2.2.2. Mental Health Indexes
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Future Studies
4.2. Implications about Public Health
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TOTAL SAMPLE | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WB | SL | OP | SE | AL | GHQ | SWB-SI | SWB-SA | SWB-SC | SWB-SL | SWB-SH | MAC | PSY | NAR | NA | DT | DL | DN | AN | ||
Imp | Total | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.08 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.10 |
Role | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.12 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.07 | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.08 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.04 | |
Independence | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.08 | 0.10 | |
Legality | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.06 | |
Maturity | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.18 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.17 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.12 | 0.12 | |
Ach | Total | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.36 | −0.28 | −0.17 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.27 | −0.17 | −0.29 | −0.36 | −0.12 | −0.22 | −0.37 | 0.02 |
Role | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.29 | −0.22 | −0.12 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.03 | −0.26 | −0.17 | −0.27 | −0.27 | −0.12 | −0.22 | −0.32 | 0.02 | |
Independence | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.33 | −0.24 | −0.16 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.10 | −0.01 | −0.26 | −0.15 | −0.28 | −0.34 | −0.08 | −0.22 | −0.35 | 0.01 | |
Legality | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.31 | −0.28 | −0.16 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.04 | −0.17 | −0.12 | −0.19 | −0.30 | −0.12 | −0.12 | −0.27 | -0.02 | |
Maturity | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.34 | −0.33 | −0.18 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.14 | −0.22 | −0.14 | −0.19 | −0.32 | −0.14 | −0.13 | −0.28 | 0.09 | |
Subjective adult status | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.33 | −0.25 | −0.19 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.05 | −0.24 | −0.14 | −0.20 | −0.31 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −0.34 | 0.05 | |
EMERGING ADULTHOOD | ||||||||||||||||||||
WB | SL | OP | SE | AL | GHQ | SWB−SI | SWB−SA | SWB−SC | SWB−SL | SWB−SH | MAC | PSY | NAR | NA | DT | DL | DN | AN | ||
Imp | Total | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.02 | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.06 |
Role | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.17 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | -0.03 | |
Independence | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.13 | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.09 | |
Legality | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.09 | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
Maturity | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.16 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.12 | −0.21 | 0.00 | 0.07 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.11 | 0.12 | |
Ach | Total | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.22 | −0.26 | −0.10 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.22 | −0.04 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.19 | −0.09 | 0.07 | −0.13 | 0.01 |
Role | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.08 | −0.15 | −0.01 | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.15 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.01 | |
Independence | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.12 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.14 | 0.03 | 0.09 | −0.08 | -0.02 | |
Legality | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.15 | −0.18 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.09 | 0.08 | −0.06 | -0.07 | |
Maturity | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.28 | −0.33 | −0.13 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.18 | −0.18 | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.24 | −0.11 | −0.07 | −0.22 | 0.15 | |
Subjective adult status | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.20 | −0.19 | −0.11 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.11 | −0.05 | −0.11 | −0.18 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.17 | 0.03 | |
ESTABLISHED ADULTHOOD | ||||||||||||||||||||
WB | SL | OP | SE | AL | GHQ | SWB−SI | SWB−SA | SWB−SC | SWB−SL | SWB−SH | MAC | PSY | NAR | NA | DT | DL | DN | AN | ||
Imp | Total | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.14 | −0.13 | −0.21 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.20 | +0.09 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.15 | −0.06 | −0.15 | 0.08 | −0.21 | 0.10 |
Role | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.09 | −0.02 | −0.16 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.23 | −0.03 | −0.12 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.00 | |
Independence | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.15 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.14 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.10 | −0.02 | −0.07 | 0.05 | −0.19 | 0.12 | |
Legality | −0.02 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.15 | −0.12 | −0.13 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.14 | −0.20 | 0.08 | −0.15 | 0.04 | |
Maturity | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.12 | −0.30 | −0.24 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.18 | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 0.06 | −0.29 | 0.22 | |
Ach | Total | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.38 | −0.22 | −0.28 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.17 | −0.28 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.02 |
Role | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.21 | −0.01 | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.10 | −0.11 | 0.04 | −0.15 | −0.11 | −0.04 | 0.06 | |
Independence | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.27 | −0.20 | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.17 | −0.28 | 0.02 | −0.09 | -0.04 | |
Legality | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.39 | −0.34 | −0.34 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.26 | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.12 | −0.24 | −0.26 | −0.08 | −0.03 | -0.07 | |
Maturity | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.44 | −0.26 | −0.29 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.28 | −0.11 | 0.12 | −0.14 | 0.12 | |
Subjective adult status | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.23 | −0.20 | −0.31 | 0.40 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.02 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.20 | −0.17 | −0.10 | −0.18 | 0.04 | |
MIDLIFE | ||||||||||||||||||||
WB | SL | OP | SE | AL | GHQ | SWB−SI | SWB−SA | SWB−SC | SWB−SL | SWB−SH | MAC | PSY | NAR | NA | DT | DL | DN | AN | ||
Imp | Total | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.10 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.02 | −0.09 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.09 |
Role | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.09 | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |
Independence | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.11 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.07 | |
Legality | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.11 | 0.08 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.07 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |
Maturity | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.18 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.13 | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.12 | −0.05 | −0.11 | 0.07 | |
Ach | Total | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.30 | −0.22 | −0.15 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.15 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.26 | −0.14 | −0.03 | −0.20 | 0.00 |
Role | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.08 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.05 | −0.14 | 0.02 | |
Independence | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.26 | −0.12 | −0.13 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.11 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.21 | −0.09 | 0.01 | −0.13 | -0.01 | |
Legality | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.19 | −0.18 | −0.10 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.07 | −0.13 | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.00 | |
Maturity | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.28 | −0.31 | −0.18 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.17 | −0.12 | −0.13 | −0.13 | −0.31 | −0.15 | −0.06 | −0.18 | 0.00 | |
Subjective adult status | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.25 | −0.14 | −0.17 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.10 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.16 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.23 | 0.08 | |
OLDER ADULTHOOD | ||||||||||||||||||||
WB | SL | OP | SE | AL | GHQ | SWB−SI | SWB−SA | SWB−SC | SWB−SL | SWB−SH | MAC | PSY | NAR | NA | DT | DL | DN | AN | ||
Imp | Total | −0.06 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.22 | −0.05 | 0.11 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.08 | −0.11 | −0.15 | 0.24 |
Role | −0.05 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.17 | |
Independence | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.22 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.14 | −0.17 | 0.22 | |
Legality | −0.12 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | −0.10 | 0.07 | −0.13 | −0.13 | −0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.16 | |
Maturity | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.16 | −0.15 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.23 | −0.18 | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.18 | −0.23 | −0.20 | 0.23 | |
Ach | Total | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.28 | −0.21 | −0.11 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.17 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.16 | −0.21 | 0.04 | −0.17 | 0.05 |
Role | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.14 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.01 | |
Independence | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.27 | −0.18 | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.12 | −0.14 | −0.15 | 0.05 | −0.15 | 0.07 | |
Legality | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.22 | −0.23 | −0.11 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.18 | −0.17 | 0.01 | −0.17 | 0.01 | |
Maturity | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.18 | −0.16 | −0.12 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.12 | −0.13 | −0.09 | 0.00 | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.04 | −0.13 | 0.03 | |
Subjective adult status | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.23 | −0.21 | −0.13 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.15 | −0.14 | −0.12 | 0.00 | −0.20 | −0.15 | −0.12 | −0.21 | 0.07 |
Negative Emotions | Social Well-Being | Antisocial | Disinhibition | |
---|---|---|---|---|
WB | 0.45 | 0.31 | −0.02 | 0.23 |
SL | 0.53 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.17 |
OP | 0.70 | 0.31 | −0.02 | 0.02 |
SE | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
AL | −0.49 | −0.46 | 0.18 | −0.11 |
GHQ | −0.72 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
SWB-SI | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.10 | 0.17 |
SWB-SA | 0.18 | 0.55 | −0.31 | −0.24 |
SWB-SC | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.19 |
SWB-SL | 0.07 | 0.68 | −0.11 | −0.04 |
SWB-SH | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.03 | −0.17 |
MAC | −0.10 | −0.04 | 0.82 | −0.07 |
PSY | 0.15 | −0.41 | 0.62 | −0.17 |
NAR | −0.18 | 0.21 | 0.73 | 0.13 |
NA | −0.77 | −0.09 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
DT | −0.15 | −0.72 | 0.07 | −0.02 |
DL | −0.03 | −0.20 | 0.77 | −0.17 |
DN | −0.34 | −0.10 | 0.41 | −0.64 |
AN | −0.04 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 0.88 |
Total Sample | Emerging Adulthood | Established Adulthood | Midlife | Older Adulthood | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NE | SWB | ANT | DIS | NE | SWB | ANT | DIS | NE | SWB | ANT | DIS | NE | SWB | ANT | DIS | NE | SWB | ANT | DIS | ||
Imp | Total | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.13 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.29 |
Role | 0.13 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.21 | |
Independence | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.14 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.13 | −0.10 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.27 | |
Legality | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.19 | |
Maturity | −0.02 | 0.18 | −0.07 | 0.16 | −0.08 | 0.18 | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.15 | −0.05 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.14 | −0.15 | 0.27 | |
Ach | Total | 0.33 | 0.06 | −0.32 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
Role | 0.26 | 0.05 | −0.30 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.15 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.03 | |
Independence | 0.30 | 0.03 | −0.31 | 0.04 | 0.13 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.11 | |
Legality | 0.29 | 0.09 | −0.19 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.39 | 0.34 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
Maturity | 0.34 | 0.13 | −0.18 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.13 | −0.10 | 0.17 | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.13 | −0.11 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.10 | |
Subjective adult status | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.09 | −0.23 | 0.21 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.15 | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.21 | −0.10 | 0.08 |
Total Sample | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative Emotions | Social Well-Being | Antisocial | Disinhibition | ||||||||||||||
b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | p | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | ||
Age | −0.07 | −1.46 | 0.15 | 0.053 | −0.10 | −2.12 | 0.03 | 0.039 | −0.34 | −7.40 | 0.00 | 0.126 | −0.03 | −0.70 | 0.49 | 0.003 | |
SPI | −0.08 | −2.94 | 0.00 | −0.24 | −8.13 | 0.00 | −0.09 | −3.21 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −1.48 | 0.14 | |||||
IMP | Role | 0.12 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 0.007 | −0.06 | −2.06 | 0.04 | 0.027 | 0.10 | 3.55 | 0.00 | 0.026 | −0.01 | −0.34 | 0.73 | 0.034 |
Independence | −0.03 | −1.05 | 0.30 | −0.01 | −0.33 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.10 | 3.33 | 0.00 | |||||
Legality | −0.04 | −1.48 | 0.14 | 0.00 | −0.15 | 0.88 | 0.05 | 1.75 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 0.48 | |||||
Maturity | −0.08 | −3.21 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 5.83 | 0.00 | −0.11 | −4.80 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 4.06 | 0.00 | |||||
ACH | Role | −0.09 | −2.00 | 0.05 | 0.121 | 0.17 | 3.51 | 0.00 | 0.035 | −0.04 | −0.89 | 0.37 | 0.005 | 0.13 | 2.58 | 0.01 | 0.012 |
Independence | 0.29 | 5.20 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.51 | −0.02 | −0.27 | 0.79 | |||||
Legality | 0.11 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 2.40 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.05 | 0.29 | −0.05 | −1.41 | 0.16 | |||||
Maturity | 0.27 | 11.42 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 3.27 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −2.93 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 3.51 | 0.00 | |||||
EMERGING ADULTHOOD | |||||||||||||||||
Negative Emotions | Social Well-Being | Antisocial | Disinhibition | ||||||||||||||
b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | ||
Age | 0.06 | 1.21 | 0.23 | 0.022 | −0.02 | −0.31 | 0.76 | 0.025 | −0.12 | −2.29 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.008 | |
SPI | 0.04 | 0.98 | 0.32 | −0.16 | −3.96 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.67 | −0.09 | −2.15 | 0.03 | |||||
IMP | Role | 0.15 | 3.81 | 0.00 | 0.020 | −0.07 | −1.62 | 0.11 | 0.038 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.05 | 0.036 | −0.06 | −1.38 | 0.17 | 0.030 |
Independence | −0.06 | −1.56 | 0.12 | −0.06 | −1.56 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 1.23 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 2.16 | 0.03 | |||||
Legality | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.93 | 0.05 | 1.19 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 1.06 | 0.29 | |||||
Maturity | −0.11 | −3.15 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 4.69 | 0.00 | −0.13 | −3.59 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 2.51 | 0.01 | |||||
ACH | Role | −0.09 | −2.44 | 0.01 | 0.083 | 0.09 | 2.16 | 0.03 | 0.023 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.84 | 0.011 | 0.05 | 1.22 | 0.22 | 0.026 |
Independence | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.72 | −0.02 | −0.45 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 1.33 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.59 | |||||
Legality | 0.09 | 2.21 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 1.92 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1.34 | 0.18 | −0.04 | −0.90 | 0.37 | |||||
Maturity | 0.28 | 7.96 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 2.34 | 0.02 | −0.09 | −2.53 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 4.05 | 0.00 | |||||
ESTABLISHED ADULTHOOD | |||||||||||||||||
Negative Emotions | Social Well-Being | Antisocial | Disinhibition | ||||||||||||||
b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | ||
Age | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.92 | 0.022 | −0.04 | −0.47 | 0.64 | 0.034 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.44 | 0.013 | 0.05 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.010 | |
SPI | −0.01 | −0.14 | 0.89 | −0.07 | −0.76 | 0.45 | −0.12 | −1.20 | 0.23 | −0.01 | −0.11 | 0.91 | |||||
IMP | Role | 0.18 | 1.65 | 0.10 | 0.055 | 0.14 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 0.049 | 0.15 | 1.10 | 0.27 | 0.025 | −0.08 | −0.65 | 0.52 | 0.086 |
Independence | −0.02 | −0.19 | 0.85 | −0.09 | −0.73 | 0.46 | −0.02 | −0.16 | 0.88 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.66 | |||||
Legality | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.72 | −0.08 | −0.61 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.77 | −0.08 | −0.60 | 0.55 | |||||
Maturity | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.81 | 0.28 | 2.44 | 0.02 | −0.09 | −0.67 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 2.91 | 0.00 | |||||
ACH | Role | −0.04 | −0.36 | 0.72 | 0.266 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.92 | 0.157 | −0.14 | −1.04 | 0.30 | 0.030 | 0.29 | 2.28 | 0.02 | 0.075 |
Independence | 0.12 | 1.07 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 2.46 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.89 | 0.38 | −0.12 | −0.96 | 0.34 | |||||
Legality | 0.26 | 2.72 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 2.20 | 0.03 | −0.12 | −1.08 | 0.28 | −0.23 | −2.11 | 0.04 | |||||
Maturity | 0.35 | 3.95 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.13 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 1.10 | 0.28 | |||||
MIDLIFE | |||||||||||||||||
Negative Emotions | Social Well-Being | Antisocial | Disinhibition | ||||||||||||||
b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | ||
Age | 0.05 | 1.23 | 0.22 | 0.031 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.39 | 0.069 | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.86 | 0.016 | −0.02 | −0.55 | 0.58 | 0.003 | |
SPI | −0.12 | −3.12 | 0.00 | −0.22 | −5.51 | 0.00 | −0.13 | −3.16 | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.99 | 0.32 | |||||
IMP | Role | 0.06 | 1.29 | 0.20 | 0.007 | −0.08 | −1.55 | 0.12 | 0.019 | 0.11 | 2.12 | 0.03 | 0.026 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 0.021 |
Independence | 0.06 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.82 | 0.07 | |||||
Legality | −0.10 | −2.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 1.33 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.84 | |||||
Maturity | −0.07 | −1.79 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 2.62 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −1.64 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 1.41 | 0.16 | |||||
ACH | Role | −0.03 | −0.63 | 0.53 | 0.110 | 0.07 | 1.53 | 0.13 | 0.018 | −0.02 | −0.55 | 0.59 | 0.018 | 0.09 | 1.98 | 0.05 | 0.006 |
Independence | 0.15 | 3.36 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.16 | 0.87 | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.38 | −0.04 | −0.72 | 0.47 | |||||
Legality | −0.01 | −0.23 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 1.64 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 1.28 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.85 | |||||
Maturity | 0.28 | 6.84 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 1.47 | 0.14 | −0.13 | −3.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.99 | |||||
OLDER ADULTHOOD | |||||||||||||||||
Negative Emotions | Social Well-Being | Antisocial | Disinhibition | ||||||||||||||
b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | sig | Change R2 | b | t | p | Change R2 | b | t | p | Change R2 | ||
Age | −0.10 | −1.52 | 0.13 | 0.080 | −0.07 | −1.08 | 0.28 | 0.078 | −0.09 | −1.38 | 0.17 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.80 | 0.002 | |
SPI | −0.23 | −3.40 | 0.00 | −0.16 | −2.29 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.57 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.81 | |||||
IMP | Role | 0.12 | 1.52 | 0.13 | 0.035 | 0.04 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.029 | 0.13 | 1.51 | 0.13 | 0.047 | 0.12 | 1.47 | 0.14 | 0.105 |
Independence | −0.22 | −2.43 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 1.45 | 0.15 | −0.04 | −0.44 | 0.66 | 0.15 | 1.58 | 0.12 | |||||
Legality | −0.09 | −0.97 | 0.33 | −0.24 | −2.66 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.52 | −0.05 | −0.58 | 0.57 | |||||
Maturity | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.34 | −0.24 | −2.88 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 2.15 | 0.03 | |||||
ACH | Role | 0.06 | 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.059 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.041 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.012 | −0.05 | −0.65 | 0.52 | 0.005 |
Independence | 0.14 | 1.76 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 1.05 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.49 | |||||
Legality | −0.03 | −0.35 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 1.39 | 0.17 | −0.02 | −0.26 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.97 | |||||
Maturity | 0.16 | 2.43 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 1.30 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.58 |
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Tavakkoli, M.; Valarezo, E.; García, L.F. Perceptions of Adulthood and Mental Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060773
Tavakkoli M, Valarezo E, García LF. Perceptions of Adulthood and Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(6):773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060773
Chicago/Turabian StyleTavakkoli, Mediss, Erick Valarezo, and Luis F. García. 2024. "Perceptions of Adulthood and Mental Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6: 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060773
APA StyleTavakkoli, M., Valarezo, E., & García, L. F. (2024). Perceptions of Adulthood and Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(6), 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060773