Trends in Complementary Feeding Indicators in Children Aged 6–23 Months According to Participation in a Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2015–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Study Population
2.2. Database Linkage and Data Cleaning Process
2.3. Complementary Feeding Indicators and Sociodemographic Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 600,138) | 2015 (n = 39,197) | 2016 (n = 101,636) | 2017 (n = 127,514) | 2018 (n = 162,246) | 2019 (n = 169,545) | APC (95% CI) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | ||||||||
BBFP | 43.7 (43.5; 43.8) | 43.4 (42.9; 43.9) | 42.7 (42.4; 43.0) | 39.7 (39.4; 40.0) | 44.0 (43.7; 44.2) | 47.0 (46.8; 47.3) | 4.45 (−9.22; 20.18) | 0.396 |
NBFP | 56.3 (56.2; 56.4) | 56.6 (56.1; 57.1) | 57.3 (57.0; 57.6) | 60.3 (60.0; 60.5) | 56.0 (55.8; 56.2) | 53.0 (52.7; 53.2) | −3.49 (−13.19; 7.28) | 0.363 |
Brazilian macroregions | ||||||||
BBFP | ||||||||
North | 8.2 (8.1; 8.3) | 15.5 (14.9; 16.0) | 9.9 (9.6; 10.2) | 6.1 (5.9; 6.3) | 7.5 (7.3; 7.7) | 7.7 (7.5; 7.8) | −32.01 (−64.71; 30.66) | 0.156 |
Northeast | 32.5 (32.3; 32.6) | 35.9 (35.1; 36.6) | 29.1 (28.7; 29.6) | 21.6 (21.3; 22.0) | 31.4 (31.1; 31.8) | 41.4 (41.0; 41.7) | 8.66 (−43.42; 108.69) | 0.713 |
Southeast | 49.5 (49.3; 49.7) | 33.4 (32.7; 34.1) | 50.3 (49.8; 50.8) | 63.0 (62.6; 63.4) | 50.6 (50.3; 51.0) | 42.9 (42.6; 43.3) | 12.64 (−38.63; 106.76) | 0.577 |
South | 6.4 (6.3; 6.5) | 7.7 (7.3; 8.1) | 5.7 (5.4; 5.9) | 5.9 (5.7; 6.1) | 7.5 (7.3; 7.7) | 5.7 (5.5; 5.8) | −1.86 (−24.85; 28.16) | 0.837 |
Midwest | 3.4 (3.4; 3.5) | 7.5 (7.2; 7.9) | 4.9 (4.7; 5.2) | 3.3 (3.1; 3.4) | 2.9 (2.8; 3.0) | 2.4 (2.2; 2.5) | −47.61 (−60.77; −30.03) | 0.006 |
NBFP | ||||||||
North | 5.5 (5.4; 5.6) | 10.9 (10.4; 11.3) | 7.0 (6.9; 7.2) | 4.1 (3.9; 4.2) | 4.8 (4.6; 4.9) | 5.1 (5.0; 5.3) | −35.38 (−67.06; 26.77) | 0.131 |
Northeast | 16.0 (15.8; 16.1) | 15.0 (14.6; 15.5) | 12.8 (12.5; 13.0) | 10.0 (9.8; 10.2) | 15.7 (15.4; 15.9) | 23.6 (23.3; 23.9) | 29.20 (−37.10; 165.39) | 0.340 |
Southeast | 61.6 (61.5; 61.8) | 46.1 (45.4; 46.7) | 62.5 (62.1; 62.9) | 71.4 (71.1; 71.7) | 61.8 (61.5; 62.1) | 56.3 (56.0; 56.6) | 9.51 (−27.19; 64.71) | 0.530 |
South | 12.1 (12.0; 12.2) | 14.8 (14.4; 15.3) | 10.2 (9.9; 10.4) | 10.0 (9.8; 10.2) | 13.9 (13.7; 14.1) | 12.6 (12.3; 12.8) | 1.96 (−33.47; 56.26) | 0.894 |
Midwest | 4.8 (4.8; 4.9) | 13.1 (12.7; 13.6) | 7.5 (7.3; 7.7) | 4.5 (4.4; 4.7) | 3.8 (3.7; 3.9) | 2.3 (2.2; 2.4) | −61.09 (−69.30; −50.67) | 0.001 |
Age (months) | ||||||||
BBFP | ||||||||
6–11 | 32.5 (32.3; 32.7) | 33.3 (32.6; 34.0) | 32.8 (32.4; 33.2) | 31.4 (31.0; 31.8) | 36.8 (36.4; 37.1) | 29.1 (28.8; 29.4) | 1.68 (−6.40; 10.47) | 0.477 |
12–17 | 31.9 (31.7; 32.1) | 32.0 (31.3; 32.7) | 32.2 (31.7; 32.6) | 30.8 (30.4; 31.2) | 30.8 (30.4; 31.1) | 33.4 (33.1; 33.7) | 0.21 (−6.92; 7.88) | 0.934 |
18–23 | 35.6 (35.4; 35.8) | 34.7 (34.0; 35.5) | 35.0 (34.5; 35.4) | 37.8 (37.4; 38.2) | 32.4 (32.1; 32.8) | 37.5 (37.2; 37.8) | −0.80 (−7.22; 6.05) | 0.726 |
NBFP | ||||||||
6–11 | 39.8 (39.7; 40.0) | 44.0 (43.3; 44.6) | 42.8 (42.4; 43.2) | 38.0 (37.6; 38.3) | 38.4 (38.0; 38.7) | 40.0 (39.7; 40.3) | −6.85 (−16.84; 4.35) | 0.141 |
12–17 | 31.1 (31.0; 31.3) | 31.4 (30.8; 32.0) | 32.0 (31.7; 32.4) | 32.0 (31.7; 32.4) | 30.8 (30.5; 31.1) | 30.0 (29.8; 30.3) | −2.92 (−7.64; 2.04) | 0.155 |
18–23 | 29.0 (28.9; 29.2) | 24.6 (24.0; 25.1) | 25.1 (24.8; 25.5) | 30.0 (29.7; 30.3) | 30.8 (30.5; 31.1) | 29.9 (29.7; 30.2) | 15.93 (2.93; 30.57) | 0.029 |
2015 (n = 39,197) | 2016 (n = 101,636) | 2017 (n = 127,514) | 2018 (n = 162,246) | 2019 (n = 169,545) | APC (95%CI) | p* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Introduction (at 6–8 months) † | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 21.5 | (20.6; 22.4) | 22.7 | (22.1; 23.3) | 24.1 | (23.5; 24.7) | 23.4 | (22.9; 23.9) | 23.6 | (23.1; 24.1) | 5.11 (−2.45; 13.25) | 0.124 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 16.2 | (13.9; 18.9) | 15.3 | (13.6; 17.2) | 17.7 | (15.3; 20.3) | 16.1 | (14.4; 17.9) | 14.1 | (12.6; 15.7) | −4.48 (−19.91; 14.40) | 0.492 |
Northeast | 14.0 | (12.4; 15.7) | 15.2 | (14.1; 16.4) | 15.1 | (13.8; 16.5) | 15.6 | (14.7; 16.4) | 17.6 | (16.9; 18.4) | 9.96 (3.91; 15.95) | 0.012 |
Southeast | 24.9 | (23.4; 26.4) | 25.7 | (24.9; 26.5) | 25.3 | (24.6; 25.9) | 26.8 | (26.1; 27.4) | 27.8 | (27.1; 28.5) | 6.11 (1.94; 10.45) | 0.018 |
South | 21.2 | (18.9; 23.7) | 23.1 | (21.3; 25.1) | 28.6 | (26.7; 30.5) | 26.9 | (25.4; 28.3) | 27.7 | (26.1; 29.3) | 17.24 (−1.30; 39.27) | 0.061 |
Midwest | 27.4 | (24.8; 30.1) | 26.4 | (24.2; 28.7) | 27.3 | (24.8; 30.0) | 23.2 | (20.8; 25.8) | 22.9 | (19.9; 26.1) | −11.03 (−18.51; −2.86) | 0.024 |
Minimum Meal Frequency and Appropriate Consistency ‡ | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 71.6 | (71.1; 72.1) | 75.6 | (75.4; 75.9) | 77.7 | (77.4; 77.9) | 75.6 | (75.4; 75.8) | 75.6 | (75.3; 75.8) | 2.53 (−3.94; 9.45) | 0.309 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 63.2 | (61.8; 64.5) | 65.1 | (64.0; 66.1) | 65.4 | (64.2; 66.6) | 62.6 | (61.6; 63.5) | 64.1 | (63.2; 65.0) | −0.72 (−4.54; 3.25) | 0.600 |
Northeast | 54.0 | (53.0; 55.0) | 56.2 | (55.5; 57.0) | 58.0 | (57.3; 58.7) | 58.6 | (58.1; 59.1) | 61.9 | (61.4; 62.3) | 6.90 (5.62; 8.19) | <0.001 |
Southeast | 80.6 | (80.0; 81.2) | 82.4 | (82.1; 82.7) | 81.9 | (81.6; 82.1) | 82.0 | (81.8; 82.3) | 83.7 | (83.4; 83.9) | 1.23 (−0.02; 2.50) | 0.052 |
South | 81.0 | (79.8; 82.1) | 81.6 | (80.7; 82.5) | 84.1 | (83.3; 84.8) | 82.5 | (81.9; 83.0) | 84.6 | (84.0; 85.1) | 2.09 (0.46; 3.75) | 0.026 |
Midwest | 75.9 | (74.6; 77.2) | 78.5 | (77.5; 79.5) | 78.5 | (77.3; 79.6) | 79.5 | (78.4; 80.6) | 81.2 | (80.0; 82.4) | 3.13 (1.89; 4.38) | 0.004 |
Age (months) | ||||||||||||
6–11 | 63.2 | (62.4; 63.9) | 66.8 | (66.4; 67.3) | 69.1 | (68.6; 69.5) | 66.7 | (66.3; 67.1) | 66.1 | (65.7; 66.5) | 2.75 (−5.96; 12.27) | 0.401 |
12–17 | 75.5 | (74.8; 76.3) | 79.8 | (79.3; 80.2) | 80.8 | (80.4; 81.2) | 79.1 | (78.7; 79.4) | 78.7 | (78.3; 79.0) | 1.68 (−4.21; 7.94) | 0.440 |
18–23 | 78.7 | (77.9; 79.5) | 82.5 | (82.0; 82.9) | 83.7 | (83.4; 84.1) | 82.7 | (82.4; 83.0) | 82.3 | (82.0; 82.6) | 2.12 (−2.79; 7.29) | 0.268 |
Minimum Dietary Diversity | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 43.3 | (42.8; 43.8) | 45.9 | (45.6; 46.2) | 48.5 | (48.2; 48.7) | 45.9 | (45.7; 46.1) | 45.8 | (45.5; 46.0) | 2.60 (−6.75; 12.89) | 0.455 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 28.9 | (27.7; 30.2) | 27.1 | (26.2; 28.1) | 25.1 | (24.0; 26.2) | 24.8 | (24.0; 25.7) | 25.7 | (24.9; 26.5) | −7.14 (−16.04; 2.71) | 0.101 |
Northeast | 33.0 | (32.1; 34.0) | 33.6 | (33.0; 34.3) | 36.0 | (35.3; 36.7) | 35.2 | (34.7; 35.7) | 35.7 | (35.3; 36.1) | 4.86 (−0.57; 10.03) | 0.051 |
Southeast | 51.2 | (50.4; 51.9) | 52.3 | (51.9; 52.7) | 53.1 | (52.8; 53.5) | 51.8 | (51.5; 52.2) | 54.0 | (53.6; 54.3) | 1.53 (−0.43; 3.53) | 0.090 |
South | 46.0 | (44.5; 47.4) | 47.5 | (46.4; 48.5) | 46.9 | (45.9; 47.8) | 48.2 | (47.5; 48.9) | 48.7 | (47.9; 49.5) | 2.74 (1.56; 3.95) | 0.005 |
Midwest | 51.3 | (49.7; 52.8) | 48.4 | (47.2; 49.6) | 46.1 | (44.8; 47.5) | 47.4 | (46.1; 48.7) | 49.8 | (48.3; 51.4) | −1.81 (−12.06; 9.63) | 0.634 |
Age (months) | ||||||||||||
6–11 | 36.5 | (35.8; 37.3) | 37.9 | (37.4; 38.4) | 40.7 | (40.2; 41.2) | 38.1 | (37.7; 38.4) | 38.0 | (37.6; 38.3) | 1.95 (−7.22; 12.04) | 0.561 |
12–17 | 47.7 | (46.8; 48.5) | 51.0 | (50.4; 51.5) | 52.6 | (52.1; 53.1) | 50.4 | (50.0; 50.8) | 49.6 | (49.2; 50.1) | 1.56 (−7.49; 11.51) | 0.633 |
18–23 | 47.8 | (46.9; 48.7) | 50.8 | (50.3; 51.4) | 52.8 | (52.3; 53.3) | 50.9 | (50.5; 51.3) | 50.2 | (49.7; 50.6) | 2.36 (−6.24; 11.76) | 0.460 |
2015 (n = 39,197) | 2016 (n = 101,636) | 2017 (n = 127,514) | 2018 (n = 162,246) | 2019 (n = 169,545) | APC (95%CI) | p * | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iron-rich Food Consumption | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 90.0 | (89.7; 90.3) | 91.4 | (91.2; 91.6) | 92.6 | (92.5; 92.7) | 91.3 | (91.2; 91.4) | 91.1 | (91.0; 91.2) | 0.54 (−1.98; 3.12) | 0.550 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 83.0 | (81.9; 84.0) | 81.3 | (80.5; 82.2) | 81.8 | (80.9; 82.8) | 81.1 | (80.3; 81.9) | 80.8 | (80.0; 81.5) | −1.10 (−1.84; −0.16) | 0.017 |
Northeast | 84.2 | (83.4; 84.9) | 85.2 | (84.7; 85.7) | 86.9 | (86.4; 87.3) | 85.7 | (85.4; 86.1) | 86.7 | (86.4; 87.0) | 1.42 (−0.38; 3.24) | 0.087 |
Southeast | 94.4 | (94.1; 94.8) | 94.8 | (94.6; 95.0) | 94.6 | (94.4; 94.7) | 94.3 | (94.1; 94.4) | 94.8 | (94.6; 94.9) | −0.06 (−0.43; 0.31) | 0.635 |
South | 92.8 | (92.0; 93.5) | 92.0 | (91.4; 92.6) | 92.8 | (92.3; 93.3) | 92.5 | (92.1; 92.9) | 92.9 | (92.5; 93.3) | 0.26 (−0.10; 0.63) | 0.105 |
Midwest | 91.7 | (90.8; 92.5) | 92.2 | (91.6; 92.9) | 92.5 | (91.8; 93.2) | 92.8 | (92.1; 93.4) | 93.5 | (92.6; 94.2) | 0.96 (0.73; 1.20) | 0.003 |
Age (months) | ||||||||||||
6–11 | 82.4 | (81.8; 83.0) | 84.6 | (84.2; 85.0) | 86.6 | (86.3; 86.9) | 84.3 | (84.0; 84.6) | 83.6 | (83.3; 83.9) | 0.59 (−4.13; 5.55) | 0.721 |
12–17 | 94.3 | (93.9; 94.7) | 95.1 | (94.9; 95.3) | 95.2 | (95.0; 95.4) | 94.7 | (94.6; 94.9) | 94.3 | (94.1; 94.5) | −0.10 (−1.28; 1.09) | 0.810 |
18–23 | 95.7 | (95.3; 96.1) | 96.3 | (96.1; 96.5) | 96.5 | (96.3; 96.7) | 96.3 | (96.1; 96.5) | 95.9 | (95.8; 96.1) | 0.10 (−0.80; 1.01) | 0.756 |
Vitamin A-rich Food Consumption | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 63.5 | (63.0; 64.0) | 65.2 | (64.9; 65.5) | 66.2 | (65.9; 66.5) | 63.8 | (63.5; 64.0) | 63.5 | (63.2; 63.7) | −0.53 (−5.20; 4.37) | 0.749 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 50.4 | (49.0; 51.8) | 49.2 | (48.2; 50.3) | 46.5 | (45.3; 47.8) | 46.5 | (45.5; 47.5) | 48.8 | (47.9; 49.8) | −2.81 (−10.21; 5.20) | 0.336 |
Northeast | 53.6 | (52.5; 54.6) | 53.8 | (53.1; 54.5) | 55.2 | (54.5; 55.9) | 55.5 | (55.0; 56.0) | 54.6 | (54.1; 55.0) | 1.79 (−0.72; 4.35) | 0.109 |
Southeast | 70.8 | (70.1; 71.5) | 70.8 | (70.4; 71.2) | 70.3 | (70.0; 70.6) | 68.5 | (68.2; 68.8) | 70.5 | (70.2; 70.8) | −1.82 (−3.31; −0.31) | 0.035 |
South | 66.8 | (65.4; 68.2) | 67.5 | (66.5; 68.5) | 64.3 | (63.4; 65.2) | 65.6 | (64.9; 66.2) | 65.5 | (64.8; 66.2) | −1.80 (−4.62; 1.09) | 0.140 |
Midwest | 70.5 | (69.1; 71.9) | 68.1 | (67.0; 69.3) | 64.2 | (62.9; 65.5) | 64.5 | (63.3; 65.8) | 66.4 | (64.9; 67.9) | −3.90 (−10.88; 3.63) | 0.192 |
Age (months) | ||||||||||||
6–11 | 61.4 | (60.6; 62.1) | 62.8 | (62.4; 63.3) | 63.9 | (63.5; 64.4) | 61.3 | (60.9; 61.6) | 61.2 | (60.8; 61.6) | −0.77 (−5.33; 4.01) | 0.638 |
12–17 | 65.5 | (64.6; 66.3) | 67.5 | (67.0; 68.0) | 67.9 | (67.5; 68.4) | 65.7 | (65.3; 66.2) | 65.3 | (64.9; 65.7) | −0.80 (−5.25; 3.86) | 0.617 |
18–23 | 64.3 | (63.4; 65.2) | 65.8 | (65.3; 66.4) | 67.0 | (66.5; 67.4) | 64.9 | (64.4; 65.3) | 64.1 | (63.7; 64.5) | −0.45 (−5.17; 4.50) | 0.787 |
Ultra-processed Food Consumption | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 58.2 | (57.7; 58.7) | 54.8 | (54.4; 55.1) | 52.5 | (52.2; 52.8) | 50.0 | (49.8; 50.3) | 50.4 | (50.2; 50.6) | −8.66 (−11.88; −5.32) | 0.004 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 60.7 | (59.4; 62.1) | 57.3 | (56.3; 58.4) | 56.1 | (54.8; 57.3) | 56.6 | (55.6; 57.6) | 52.6 | (51.7; 53.6) | −5.63 (−8.43; −2.75) | 0.009 |
Northeast | 53.7 | (52.7; 54.7) | 53.8 | (53.1; 54.5) | 52.0 | (51.3; 52.8) | 48.4 | (47.9; 48.9) | 48.9 | (48.5; 49.3) | −7.37 (−10.52; −4.11) | 0.006 |
Southeast | 61.1 | (60.3; 61.8) | 54.5 | (54.1; 54.9) | 51.6 | (51.3; 51.9) | 48.4 | (48.1; 48.7) | 49.7 | (49.3; 50.0) | −11.67 (−18.61; −4.14) | 0.017 |
South | 59.3 | (57.9; 60.7) | 56.5 | (55.4; 57.6) | 57.1 | (56.2; 58.0) | 56.2 | (55.5; 56.9) | 55.7 | (54.9; 56.5) | −2.59 (−4.47; −0.67) | 0.023 |
Midwest | 53.3 | (51.8; 54.8) | 54.4 | (53.1; 55.6) | 55.4 | (54.1; 56.8) | 57.0 | (55.7; 58.3) | 59.6 | (58.1; 61.1) | 6.39 (4.11; 8.73) | 0.003 |
Age (months) | ||||||||||||
6–11 | 42.2 | (41.4; 43.0) | 37.8 | (37.3; 38.3) | 35.7 | (35.2; 36.1) | 33.4 | (33.1; 33.8) | 32.7 | (32.3; 33.0) | −13.55 (−17.86; −9.01) | 0.003 |
12–17 | 64.7 | (63.8; 65.5) | 60.2 | (59.6; 60.7) | 57.1 | (56.6; 57.6) | 55.0 | (54.5; 55.4) | 54.6 | (54.2; 55.0) | −9.43 (−13.90; −4.73) | 0.008 |
18–23 | 72.9 | (72.1; 73.7) | 71.2 | (70.6; 71.7) | 66.0 | (65.6; 66.5) | 65.1 | (64.7; 65.5) | 64.9 | (64.6; 65.3) | −7.35 (−11.58; −2.91) | 0.014 |
Zero Vegetable or Fruit Consumption | ||||||||||||
Total Sample | 9.0 | (8.7; 9.3) | 8.0 | (7.9; 8.2) | 6.5 | (6.4; 6.7) | 7.2 | (7.0; 7.3) | 7.5 | (7.4; 7.6) | −10.26 (−30.56; 15.99) | 0.272 |
Brazilian Macroregions | ||||||||||||
North | 14.6 | (14.6; 16.6) | 15.9 | (15.2; 16.7) | 14.5 | (13.6; 15.4) | 15.4 | (14.7; 16.1) | 14.9 | (14.3; 15.6) | −0.62 (−3.70; 2.56) | 0.574 |
Northeast | 13.5 | (12.9; 14.2) | 13.7 | (13.3; 14.2) | 11.8 | (11.3; 12.3) | 11.2 | (10.9; 11.5) | 11.1 | (10.8; 11.3) | −14.54 (−19.51; −9.25) | 0.004 |
Southeast | 5.7 | (5.3; 6.0) | 5.2 | (5.1; 5.4) | 4.8 | (4.7; 5.0) | 4.9 | (4.8; 5.0) | 4.7 | (4.5; 4.8) | −9.68 (−17.10; −1.60) | 0.032 |
South | 5.9 | (5.3; 6.6) | 6.7 | (6.2; 7.3) | 6.4 | (6.0; 6.9) | 6.0 | (5.6; 6.3) | 5.5 | (5.1; 5.8) | −5.99 (−19.66; 10.00) | 0.299 |
Midwest | 6.5 | (5.8; 7.3) | 7.0 | (6.4; 7.6) | 7.0 | (6.3; 7.7) | 7.4 | (6.7; 8.1) | 7.2 | (6.5; 8.1) | 6.27 (3.62; 8.99) | 0.005 |
Age (months) | ||||||||||||
6–11 | 11.9 | (11.3; 12.4) | 10.7 | (10.3; 11.0) | 9.0 | (8.8; 9.3) | 10.0 | (9.8; 10.3) | 10.5 | (10.3; 10.8) | −7.06 (−26.80; 18.01) | 0.401 |
12–17 | 7.1 | (6.6; 7.5) | 6.4 | (6.1; 6.6) | 5.3 | (5.0; 5.5) | 5.6 | (5.4; 5.8) | 6.2 | (6.0; 6.4) | −8.81 (−29.70; 18.29) | 0.342 |
18–23 | 7.1 | (6.7; 7.6) | 6.4 | (6.1; 6.7) | 5.1 | (4.9; 5.3) | 5.2 | (5.0; 5.4) | 5.5 | (5.3; 5.7) | −15.26 (−32.79; 6.84) | 0.108 |
2015 (n = 39,197) | 2016 (n = 101,636) | 2017 (n = 127,514) | 2018 (n = 162,246) | 2019 (n = 169,545) | APC (95% CI) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazilian Ministry of Health Indicators | |||||||
Food introduction (at 6–8 months) | |||||||
BBFP | 17.2 (16.4; 19.2) | 18.7 (17.8; 19.6) | 21.2 (20.3; 22.1) | 20.6 (19.9; 21.3) | 20.8 (20.0; 21.6) | 11.60 (−1.43; 26.37) | 0.067 |
NBFP | 23.5 (22.4; 24.7) | 24.9 (24.2; 25.6) | 25.6 (24.9; 26.3) | 25.5 (24.9; 26.1) | 25.2 (24.5; 25.8) | 3.85 (−2.47; 10.57) | 0.151 |
Minimum meal frequency and appropriate consistency | |||||||
BBFP | 68.2 (67.4; 68.9) | 72.8 (72.4; 73.2) | 75.4 (75.0; 75.8) | 72.5 (72.2; 72.9) | 73.5 (73.2; 73.9) | 3.33 (−4.16; 11.40) | 0.260 |
NBFP | 74.3 (73.7; 74.9) | 77.8 (77.4; 78.1) | 79.2 (78.9; 79.5) | 78.0 (77.7; 78.3) | 77.4 (77.1; 77.6) | 1.97 (−3.33; 7.56) | 0.329 |
Minimum dietary diversity | |||||||
BBFP | 38.5 (37.8; 39.2) | 41.7 (41.2; 42.2) | 44.8 (44.3; 45.2) | 41.9 (41.5; 42.3) | 42.6 (42.2; 42.9) | 4.79 (−6.44; 17.38) | 0.280 |
NBFP | 47.0 (46.4; 47.7) | 49.0 (48.6; 49.4) | 50.9 (50.3; 51.2) | 49.1 (48.7; 49.4) | 48.5 (48.2; 48.9) | 1.52 (−5.58; 9.16) | 0.555 |
Iron-rich food consumption | |||||||
BBFP | 88.9 (88.5; 89.4) | 90.7 (90.5; 91.0) | 92.0 (91.8; 92.2) | 90.3 (90.0; 90.5) | 91.0 (90.8; 91.2) | 0.91 (−1.71; 3.60) | 0.352 |
NBFP | 90.8 (90.5; 91.2) | 91.9 (91.7; 92.1) | 93.0 (92.8; 93.2) | 92.1 (91.9; 92.3) | 91.2 (91.0; 91.4) | 0.25 (−2.24; 2.81) | 0.771 |
Vitamin A-rich food consumption | |||||||
BBFP | 58.2 (57.5; 58.9) | 60.5 (60.0; 60.9) | 62.5 (62.1; 62.9) | 59.8 (59.5; 60.2) | 60.0 (59.6; 60.3) | 1.09 (−5.11; 7.69) | 0.625 |
NBFP | 67.6 (67.0; 68.2) | 68.8 (68.4; 69.1) | 68.6 (68.3; 69.0) | 66.9 (66.6; 67.2) | 66.6 (66.3; 66.9) | −1.39 (−4.17; 1.46) | 0.216 |
Ultra-processed food consumption | |||||||
BBFP | 61.7 (61.0; 62.4) | 59.4 (58.9; 59.9) | 56.5 (56.1; 57.0) | 53.0 (52.6; 53.4) | 54.9 (54.6; 55.3) | −10.02 (−11.56; −8.46) | 0.001 |
NBFP | 55.6 (54.9; 56.2) | 51.3 (50.9; 51.7) | 49.8 (49.5; 50.2) | 47.7 (47.4; 48.1) | 46.4 (46.1; 46.7) | −9.34 (−11.93; −6.67) | 0.002 |
World Health Organization indicators | |||||||
Zero vegetable or fruit consumption | |||||||
BBFP | 11.2 (10.8; 11.7) | 10.0 (9.7; 10.3) | 8.2 (7.9; 8.4) | 8.9 (8.7; 9.1) | 8.8 (8.6; 9.0) | −12.87 (−28.98; 6.88) | 0.121 |
NBFP | 7.2 (6.8; 7.6) | 6.6 (6.4; 6.8) | 5.5 (5.3; 5.6) | 5.8 (5.7; 6.0) | 6.3 (6.2; 6.5) | −8.67 (−27.55; 15.12) | 0.301 |
Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft food 6–8 months | |||||||
BBFP | 93.8 (92.8; 94.6) | 93.5 (92.9; 94.0) | 94.1 (93.6; 94.6) | 94.2 (93.8; 94.6) | 94.2 (93.7; 94.6) | 0.46 (0.15; 0.76) | 0.018 |
NBFP | 94.5 (93.9; 95.1) | 94.7 (94.3; 95.0) | 95.0 (94.7; 95.4) | 94.9 (94.6; 95.2) | 94.6 (94.2; 94.9) | 0.09 (−0.47; 0.67) | 0.635 |
Unhealthy food consumption | |||||||
BBFP | 45.9 (45.1; 46.6) | 44.8 (44.4; 45.3) | 42.7 (42.2; 43.1) | 40.2 (39.8; 40.5) | 41.8 (41.4; 42.1) | −8.58 (−11.33; −5.76) | 0.006 |
NBFP | 40.8 (40.2; 41.5) | 37.6 (37.2; 38.0) | 36.9 (36.6; 37.3) | 35.7 (35.4; 36.0) | 34.5 (34.2; 34.9) | −8.20 (−10.95; −5.36) | 0.003 |
Egg and/or flesh food consumption | |||||||
BBFP | 79.6 (79.0; 80.2) | 80.4 (80.1; 80.8) | 81.3 (80.9; 81.6) | 79.9 (79.6; 80.2) | 81.8 (81.5; 82.1) | 0.73 (−0.46; 1.93) | 0.146 |
NBFP | 82.0 (81.5; 82.5) | 82.3 (82.0; 82.6) | 83.5 (83.2; 83.7) | 83.0 (82.7; 83.2) | 82.2 (81.9; 82.4) | 0.31 (−1.61; 2.27) | 0.644 |
Egg and/or flesh food consumption (without processed meat) | |||||||
BBFP | 78.1 (77.5; 78.7) | 79.1 (78.7; 79.4) | 80.1 (79.7; 80.4) | 78.8 (78.5; 79.1) | 80.5 (80.2; 80.8) | 1.02 (−0.39; 2.44) | 0.106 |
NBFP | 80.9 (80.4; 81.5) | 81.4 (81.0; 81.7) | 82.7 (82.4; 82.9) | 82.2 (81.9; 82.4) | 81.3 (81.1; 81.6) | 0.45 (−1.80; 2.75) | 0.574 |
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Andrade-Silva, A.; Farias, D.R.; Carrilho, T.R.B.; de Castro, I.R.R.; Kac, G.; de Castro, M.B.T. Trends in Complementary Feeding Indicators in Children Aged 6–23 Months According to Participation in a Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2015–2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070923
Andrade-Silva A, Farias DR, Carrilho TRB, de Castro IRR, Kac G, de Castro MBT. Trends in Complementary Feeding Indicators in Children Aged 6–23 Months According to Participation in a Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2015–2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(7):923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070923
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrade-Silva, Andreia, Dayana Rodrigues Farias, Thais Rangel Bousquet Carrilho, Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro, Gilberto Kac, and Maria Beatriz Trindade de Castro. 2024. "Trends in Complementary Feeding Indicators in Children Aged 6–23 Months According to Participation in a Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2015–2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 7: 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070923