A Scoping Review of Non-Communicable Diseases among the Workforce as a Threat to Global Peace and Security in Low-Middle Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Outcome Variable
2.4. Data Extraction and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Selected Articles
3.2. The Nature and Impact of NCDs in LMIC
NCDs among the Workforce
3.3. NCDs in the Workforce as a Threat to Peace and Security
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Keywords | Synonyms/Similar Keywords |
---|---|
Workforce | “workforce” OR “workers” |
Non-communicable disease | “Non-communicable disease” OR “NCDs” |
Peace and security | “peace” or “security”, OR “peace” AND “security” |
Low-middle income countries * | “Low-middle income countries” “LMIC” |
Authors | Country | Type Article | Study Design | Sample | Emerging Themes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[2] | International | Peer review | Systematic Meta Analysis | N/A | NCD as the leading level 2 risk factor for death globally was high systolic blood pressure in 2019. Slow progress in LMICs |
[1] | International | Peer review | Report | N/A | Recognizes NDCs as a major threat to public health globally. Calls on member states to take immediate actions to address NCDs through a global action plan |
[24] | Sierra Leone | Peer review | Participatory mixed method | 28 | Rising cases in NCDs with poorly distributed health workforce and resources in a post-war and Ebola environment. |
[6] | Senegal | Peer review | Mixed method | Varied | The threat of NCDs on workplace health and wellness and interventions to mitigate them. The study recognizes the role of private sector companies in improving cardiovascular population health in LMICs. |
[16] | Thailand | Peer review | Case control study | Varied | Growing threats if selected NCDs among informal sector workers. Calls for the need to examine the risk factors, raise awareness, and strong collaboration between public health and workforce |
[25] | South Africa | Peer review | Data extracted from a national survey | 1103 | NCDs among the youth. Youth diagnosed with NCDs require intervention before it escalates into other disease. |
[3] | International | Peer review | Meta analysis | N/A | The increasing burden of cardiovascular diseases requires attention. Risk factors are modifiable. Calls for countries to invest in public health programs to promote healthy ageing. |
[4] | International | Peer review | Review article | N/A | LMIC face a growing threat of NCDs. Important lessons can be learned from the management of infectious diseases. |
[26] | Kenya | Peer review | Survey/Review | 6000 | This study examined NCDs and associated risk factors in Kenya. There are reported increase of death due to NCDs |
[27] | International | Peer review | Meta-analysis of WHO data | N/A | The paper reported higher mortality due to NCDs in developing countries. Analysis of relative risk shows developing countries face a 1.5 times higher risk of premature NCD death than people living in high-income countries. There is therefore inequality in the distribution of NCD risks globally. |
[28] | International | Peer reviewed | Symposium report | N/A | NCDs are reported as the largest death burden in LMICs with a call on all governments to tackle the pandemic. |
[29] | Malawi | Peer review | Review paper | N/A | The rising incidence of NCD mortality in Malawi and sub-Sahara Africa. However, there is limited data on the associated risk factors. The paper advocates for health promotion to tackle the incidence. |
[30] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | This global report on the prevention and control of NCDs captures data about NCD in 2014. It reports on the challenges, opportunities, and priorities in tackling NCDs. |
[31] | International | Peer review | Meta analysis | N/A | This paper is an assessment of 84 environmental and occupational, behavioral, and metabolic risks in different locations. The increasing trend of NDC is a global public health challenge and an opportunity. |
[32] | Iraq | Peer review | Qualitative study | 16 | This Iraqi study reported of the profound effect of conflict on NCDs. The analysis shows barriers to NCD care in a post-conflict environment. |
[33] | Uganda | Peer review | Survey | 611 | The study reported of NDC as a growing concern in Uganda. It also analysis the risk factors within the country. Gender plays a role in NDC among the population. |
[34] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | NCD is escalating globally with implications for public health and the economy. NCD affecting the business sector including agriculture, especially in South Asia. |
[35] | International | Grey literature | Review report | N/A | The precarity on NCD is LMIC. This report acknowledged the workplace as influential in fostering good health, especially in LMIC. Adverse impact of NCD on the economy calls for actions to address the issue from the workplace environment. |
[36] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | NCDs impact the quality of life of individuals, families, and the economy. Workplace health promotion targeting physical activity and diet can promote health among the workforces. |
[37] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | The report acknowledges the growing danger of NCDs and its potential cost to economies, especially in developing countries. It draws a link between NDCs and economic prospects of a nation. The report encourages LMIC, to take necessary actions to address NCDs |
[38] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | This report examines the risk of NCDs in LMICs. The report states: “The overall economic and social cost of NCDs vastly exceeds their direct medical costs”. Draws a strong correlation between NCDs and the economy. |
[39] | International | Peer review | Review paper | N/A | The paper reported that NCDs long term macroeconomic impacts It affects the working population which impacts labour, saving and investment, resulting in human capital depreciation. |
[40] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | The paper reports of NCDs, those affected—mainly the working group population, and the economic consequences—‘cost-of-illness microeconomic, and macroeconomic data. |
[41] | International | Grey literature | Report | N/A | This fact sheet about NCDs draws on the labour force implications and calls on countries to take steps to prevent it. The report states “NCDs decrease the labour force, reduce productivity and reduce economic growth”. |
[42] | Nigeria | Peer review | A cross-sectional survey | 606 | The paper reports a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among the workforce and recommends targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions among the working class. |
[43] | International | Peer review | Report | N/A | This paper reports on the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Noncommunicable Diseases. It highlights the burden of NCDs and their associated economic cost, especially hypertension, and the actions to take to control it. |
[44] | United States | Peer review | community-based participatory research | 150 | Mental health issues among the Police workforce |
[45] | India | Peer review | Cross sectional survey | 982 | Prevalence of NDCs among Police personnel in the study area were low because they remained physically active. |
[46] | Nigeria | Peer review | Cross sectional survey | 82 | NCD knowledge and attitude among the Armed Forces |
[17] | Senegal | Peer review | Cross sectional survey | 1224 | Increasing of NCDs among the Senegalese Army highlighting the importance of risk factors. The paper argued for an intervention based on prevention and health promotion. |
[47] | Iran | Peer review | Cross sectional survey | 341 | Prevalence of NCDs among the military |
[48] | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Peer review | National survey | 10,500 | Prevalence of NCDs among the military |
[49] | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Peer review | Cross sectional survey | 160 | Prevalence of NCDs among the Police—high proportion of overweight and obese police personnel. Increasing risk factors of NCDs |
[50] | Indonesia | Peer review | Cross sectional survey | 978 | Increasing risk factor of hypertension and diabetes among the Police Force |
Origin and scope | International | 17 |
Africa | 9 | |
South-East Asia | 3 | |
Middle East | 4 | |
North America | 1 | |
Type of paper | Peer reviewed | 26 |
Grey literature | 8 | |
Method | Primary research and national surveys | 16 |
Reviews and meta-analysis | 8 | |
Reports and unclassified | 10 |
Emerging Features of NCDs in LMICS | Impact of NCDs in LMICs |
---|---|
| Higher mortality rate from NCDs |
Workforce Sector | NCD Impact on the Workforce |
---|---|
| Absenteeism Loss of skills Disability Death Rising cost of healthcare |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Doh, D.; Dahwa, R.; Renzaho, A.M.N. A Scoping Review of Non-Communicable Diseases among the Workforce as a Threat to Global Peace and Security in Low-Middle Income Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091143
Doh D, Dahwa R, Renzaho AMN. A Scoping Review of Non-Communicable Diseases among the Workforce as a Threat to Global Peace and Security in Low-Middle Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091143
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoh, Daniel, Rumbidzai Dahwa, and Andre M. N. Renzaho. 2024. "A Scoping Review of Non-Communicable Diseases among the Workforce as a Threat to Global Peace and Security in Low-Middle Income Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091143