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Volume 21
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Article

The Hidden Hunger among Nepalese Non-Pregnant Women Aged 15–49 Years: The Role of Individual, Household, and Community-Level Factors

by
Kingsley Emwinyore Agho
1,2,3,*,
Stanley Chitekwe
4,
Biniyam Sahiledengle
5,
Lucy Ngaihbanglovi Pachuau
1,
Sanjay Rijal
6,
Naveen Paudyal
6,
Sanjeev Kumar Sahani
6 and
Andre Renzaho
2
1
School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
2
Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2560, Australia
3
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa
4
Nutrition Section, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Ethiopia, Addis Ababa 1169, Ethiopia
5
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba 4540, Ethiopia
6
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Nepal Country Office P.O. Box 1187, United Nations (UN) House, Pulchowk, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(7), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070875
Submission received: 2 May 2024 / Revised: 1 July 2024 / Accepted: 2 July 2024 / Published: 4 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Global Perspective: Disease and Threats)
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Abstract

Micronutrient deficiencies remain a public health burden among non-pregnant women in developing countries, including Nepal. Hence, this study examined micronutrient deficiencies among non-pregnant Nepalese women aged 15–49 using the 2016 Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey (NNMSS). Data for 2143 non-pregnant women was extracted from the 2016 NNMSS. The study analysed the levels of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), red blood cell (RBC) folate, and zinc of the participants. Multivariable logistic analysis was carried out to assess factors associated with micronutrient deficiencies. The prevalence of ferritin, sTfR, folate, and zinc was observed to be 19%, 13%, 16%, and 21%, respectively. Non-pregnant women from the Janajati region were significantly less prone to high levels of ferritin [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 0.80], and those who had body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or higher had significantly elevated ferritin levels [AOR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.01, 7.17]. Non-pregnant women aged 35–49 years were significantly less predisposed to folate deficiency [AOR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.83], and the odds of zinc deficiency were significantly lower among non-pregnant women from wealthier households [AOR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.76]. This study provides further insight into screening high-risk subgroups and instituting public health interventions to address the prevailing micronutrient deficiencies among non-pregnant Nepalese women.
Keywords: micronutrients; women; deficiencies; non-pregnant women; Nepal micronutrients; women; deficiencies; non-pregnant women; Nepal

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MDPI and ACS Style

Agho, K.E.; Chitekwe, S.; Sahiledengle, B.; Pachuau, L.N.; Rijal, S.; Paudyal, N.; Sahani, S.K.; Renzaho, A. The Hidden Hunger among Nepalese Non-Pregnant Women Aged 15–49 Years: The Role of Individual, Household, and Community-Level Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070875

AMA Style

Agho KE, Chitekwe S, Sahiledengle B, Pachuau LN, Rijal S, Paudyal N, Sahani SK, Renzaho A. The Hidden Hunger among Nepalese Non-Pregnant Women Aged 15–49 Years: The Role of Individual, Household, and Community-Level Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(7):875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070875

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agho, Kingsley Emwinyore, Stanley Chitekwe, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Lucy Ngaihbanglovi Pachuau, Sanjay Rijal, Naveen Paudyal, Sanjeev Kumar Sahani, and Andre Renzaho. 2024. "The Hidden Hunger among Nepalese Non-Pregnant Women Aged 15–49 Years: The Role of Individual, Household, and Community-Level Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 7: 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070875

APA Style

Agho, K. E., Chitekwe, S., Sahiledengle, B., Pachuau, L. N., Rijal, S., Paudyal, N., Sahani, S. K., & Renzaho, A. (2024). The Hidden Hunger among Nepalese Non-Pregnant Women Aged 15–49 Years: The Role of Individual, Household, and Community-Level Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(7), 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070875

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