Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Smoking among Schoolchildren in Albania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Lifetime cigarette smoking: Schoolchildren were asked how many days (if any) they had smoked cigarettes in their lifetime. Potential responses were as follows: never, 1–2 days, 3–5 days, 6–9 days, 10–19 days, 20–29 days, and ≥30 days. In the analysis, lifetime cigarette smoking was dichotomised into “No” (never) vs. “Yes” (≥1–2 days/lifetime).
- Cigarette smoking in the last 30 days preceding the survey: Schoolchildren were asked how many days (if any) they had smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days preceding the survey. Potential responses were as follows: never, 1–2 days, 3–5 days, 6–9 days, 10–19 days, 20–29 days, and ≥30 days. In the analysis, this variable was dichotomised into “No” (never) vs. “Yes” (≥1–2 days/last 30 days). In this article, this variable is referred to as “current cigarette smoking”.
- Lifetime smoking of e-cigarettes: Schoolchildren were asked how many days (if any) they had smoked e-cigarettes in their lifetime. Potential responses were as follows: never, 1–2 days, 3–5 days, 6–9 days, 10–19 days, 20–29 days, and ≥30 days. In the analysis, lifetime smoking of e-cigarettes was dichotomised into “No” (never) vs. “Yes” (≥1–2 days/lifetime).
- Smoking of e-cigarettes in the last 30 days preceding the survey: Schoolchildren were asked how many days (if any) they had smoked e-cigarettes in the last 30 days preceding the survey. Potential responses were as follows: never, 1–2 days, 3–5 days, 6–9 days, 10–19 days, 20–29 days, and ≥30 days. In the analysis, this variable was dichotomised into “No” (never) vs. “Yes” (≥1–2 days/last 30 days). In this article, this variable is referred to as “current smoking of e-cigarettes”.
3. Results
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Lifetime Cigarette Smoking (≥1–2 Days/Lifetime) | Current Cigarette Smoking (≥1–2 Days/Last 30 Days) | Lifetime Smoking of e-Cigarettes (≥1–2 Days/Lifetime) | Current Smoking of e-Cigarettes (≥1–2 Days/Last 30 Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample (n = 5454) | 646 (12.1) 1 | 380 (7.1) | 1020 (19.5) | 690 (13.0) |
Gender: | ||||
Boys (n = 2610) | 386 (15.2) | 242 (9.4) | 649 (26.2) | 444 (17.6) |
Girls (n = 2844) | 260 (9.3) | 138 (4.9) | 371 (13.4) | 246 (8.8) |
Age: | ||||
11 years (n = 1784) | 76 (4.3) | 43 (2.4) | 134 (7.8) | 81 (4.7) |
13 years (n = 1785) | 180 (10.3) | 107 (6.1) | 315 (18.4) | 217 (12.5) |
15 years (n = 1877) | 387 (21.2) | 229 (12.4) | 570 (31.6) | 391 (21.4) |
Residence: | ||||
Urban areas (n = 3648) | 451 (12.6) | 259 (7.2) | 687 (19.6) | 470 (13.2) |
Rural areas (n = 1806) | 195 (11.1) | 121 (6.8) | 333 (19.1) | 220 (12.6) |
Father’s employment: | ||||
Yes (n = 4928) | 580 (12.1) | 345 (7.1) | 927 (19.6) | 621 (13.0) |
No (n = 479) | 61 (13.0) | 31 (6.5) | 88 (18.9) | 65 (13.8) |
Mother’s employment: | ||||
Yes (n = 3676) | 448 (12.5) | 262 (7.2) | 720 (20.3) | 492 (13.7) |
No (n = 1710) | 189 (11.3) | 111 (6.6) | 287 (17.6) | 189 (11.5) |
Family affluence: | ||||
Less affluent (n = 2600) | 263 (10.3) | 134 (5.2) | 397 (15.8) | 254 (10.0) |
More affluent (n = 2715) | 360 (13.6) | 232 (8.6) | 597 (23.0) | 418 (15.8) |
Upper Panel: Demographic Factors | ||||||
Smoking Variables | Demographic Variables | |||||
Male | Age 15 | Urban Areas | ||||
OR (95%CI) 1 | p 1 | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
Lifetime cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 1.75 (1.48–2.07) | <0.001 | 5.94 (4.60–7.67) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 0.099 |
Current cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 2.02 (1.63–2.51) | <0.001 | 5.64 (4.04–7.86) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 0.573 |
Lifetime smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 2.29 (1.98–2.63) | <0.001 | 5.48 (4.47–6.70) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.666 |
Current smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 2.21 (1.87–2.61) | <0.001 | 5.55 (4.32–7.12) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 0.499 |
Lower Panel: Socioeconomic Characteristics | ||||||
Smoking Variables | Socioeconomic Variables | |||||
Father Unemployed | Mother Unemployed | Less Affluent | ||||
OR (95%CI) 1 | p 1 | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
Lifetime cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | 0.546 | 0.89 (0.75–1.07) | 0.221 | 0.73 (0.61–0.86) | <0.001 |
Current cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.625 | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.372 | 0.58 (0.47–0.73) | <0.001 |
Lifetime smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.730 | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 0.021 | 0.63 (0.55–0.72) | <0.001 |
Current smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.592 | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.026 | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) | <0.001 |
Upper Panel: Demographic Factors | ||||||
Smoking Variables | Demographic Variables | |||||
Male | Age 15 | Urban Areas | ||||
OR (95%CI) 1 | p 1 | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
Lifetime cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 1.88 (1.58–2.25) | <0.001 | 5.92 (4.55–7.71) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.89–1.30) | 0.467 |
Current cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 2.18 (1.73–2.73) | <0.001 | 5.57 (3.95–7.85) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.659 |
Lifetime smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 2.52 (2.16–2.93) | <0.001 | 5.91 (4.78–7.30) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.248 |
Current smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 2.37 (1.99–2.82) | <0.001 | 5.75 (4.44–7.44) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.584 |
Lower Panel: Socioeconomic Characteristics | ||||||
Smoking Variables | Socioeconomic Variables | |||||
Father Unemployed | Mother Unemployed | Less Affluent | ||||
OR (95%CI) 1 | p 1 | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
Lifetime cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 0.489 | 0.93 (0.76–1.12) | 0.428 | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) | 0.006 |
Current cigarette smoking (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) | 0.941 | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 0.771 | 0.65 (0.51–0.81) | <0.001 |
Lifetime smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/lifetime) | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | 0.714 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.094 | 0.67 (0.58–0.78) | <0.001 |
Current smoking of e-cigarettes (≥1–2 days/last 30 days) | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | 0.137 | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.090 | 0.64 (0.54–0.77) | <0.001 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Çumashi, R.; Mone, I.; Burazeri, G.; Çela, L.; Mechili, E.A.; Qirjako, G. Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Smoking among Schoolchildren in Albania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091145
Çumashi R, Mone I, Burazeri G, Çela L, Mechili EA, Qirjako G. Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Smoking among Schoolchildren in Albania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091145
Chicago/Turabian StyleÇumashi, Rudina, Iris Mone, Genc Burazeri, Lulzim Çela, Enkeleint A. Mechili, and Gentiana Qirjako. 2024. "Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Smoking among Schoolchildren in Albania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091145