Phlorotannins: Towards New Pharmacological Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
3. Phlorotannins
3.1. Inhibition of Glucose Absorption
3.2. Effects on Postprandial Hyperglycaemia and Insulin Levels In Vivo
3.3. Endogenous Glucose Production
3.4. Aldose Reductase and the Polyol Pathway
3.5. Glucose Uptake
3.5.1. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
3.5.2. Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4)
3.6. Glucose-Induced Toxicity
3.6.1. AGEs
3.6.2. Protection of Pancreatic β-Cells
4. Study Perspectives and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Source | Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
6,6′-Bieckol | Ecklonia cava Ecklonia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition AR inhibition Protection against GIOS ↓Glucose-induced β-cells damage | [29,30,31] |
8,8′-Bieckol | Ecklonia bicyclis | AR inhibition | [30] |
DDBT | Sargassum patens | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [32] |
Dieckol | Ecklonia cava Ecklonia stolonifera Eisenia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓ Postprandial hyperglycaemia ↓ Serum insulin ↓ G6P AR inhibition PTP1B inhibition ↑ GLUT4 expression Inhibition of AGEs formation Protection against GIOS ↓Glucose-induced β-cells damage ↑ Glucose uptake Akt up-regulation ↓ C-peptide ↑ Adiponectin | [29,30,33,34,35,36,37,38,39] |
Dioxinodehydroeckol | Ecklonia stolonifera Eisenia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition AR inhibition | [34,37,40] |
Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol | Ishige okamurae | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓ Postprandial hyperglycaemia Protection against GIOS ↓Glucose-induced β-cells damage | [41,42] |
Eckol | Eisenia bicyclis Ecklonia stolonifera Ecklonia cava | α-Amylase inhibition AR inhibition PTP1B inhibition Inhibition of AGEs formation | [33,34,37] |
Fucodiphloroethol-G | Ecklonia cava | α-Glucosidase inhibition | [29] |
Fucofuroeckol-A | Eisenia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [40] |
Hydroxybenzodioxin | Eisenia bicyclis | α-Amylase inhibition Inhibition of AGEs formation | [33] |
Octaphlorethol-A | Ishige foliacea | α-Glucosidase inhibition ↓ Serum insulin ↓ G6P expression ↓PEPCK expression ↑Glut4 translocation/expression ↓Glucose-induced β-cells damage ↑ AMPK activation ↑ Glucose uptake | [43,44,45,46] |
2-Phloroeckol | Ecklonia stolonifera | AR inhibition | [37] |
7-Phloroeckol | Ecklonia cava Ecklonia stolonifera Eisenia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition AR inhibition PTP1B inhibition Inhibition of AGEs formation | [29,33,34,37] |
Phlorofucofuroeckol-A | Ecklonia cava Ecklonia stolonifera Eisenia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓ Postprandial hyperglycaemia AR inhibition PTP1B inhibition Inhibition of AGEs formation | [29,30,34,37,47] |
Phloroglucinol | Ecklonia stolonifera Eisenia bicyclis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition AR inhibition Inhibition of AGEs formation | [34,37,48,49] |
Extract | Source | Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Acetone | Fucus vesiculosus | ↓ AGEs formation | [49] |
Dieckol-rich extract | Ecklonia cava | ↓Postprandial hyperglycaemia ↓ Serum insulin ↑Glucokinase activity ↓ G6P activity | [51,52] |
Ethyl acetate | Sargassum aquifolium | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓Postprandial hyperglycaemia | [53] |
Ethyl acetate | Ecklonia stolonifera | AR inhibition | [37] |
Fucophloroethol-rich extract | Fucus distichus | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [54] |
Methanol | Sargassum ringgoldianum | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓Postprandial hyperglycaemia | [55] |
Methanol | Sargassum polycystum | ↓ AGEs formation | [56] |
Methanol | Spatoglossum asperum | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [57] |
Methanol | Padina pavonica | ↓ AGEs formation | [56] |
Methanol | Turbinaria ornata | ↓ AGEs formation | [56] |
Methanol (80%) | Ishige okamurae | ↓ Blood glucose levels ↑ Insulin sensitivity | [58] |
Water:acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) | Ascophyllum nodosum | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [59] |
Water/Ethanol | Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus spiralis | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [60] |
Water:methanol (25:75 v/v) | Padina pavonica | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition | [48] |
Water | Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus vesiculosus | α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓ Postprandial hyperglycaemia ↓ Serum insulin ↓ Insulin secretion ↑ Insulin sensitivity | [61] |
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Lopes, G.; Andrade, P.B.; Valentão, P. Phlorotannins: Towards New Pharmacological Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Molecules 2017, 22, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010056
Lopes G, Andrade PB, Valentão P. Phlorotannins: Towards New Pharmacological Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Molecules. 2017; 22(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010056
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, Graciliana, Paula B. Andrade, and Patrícia Valentão. 2017. "Phlorotannins: Towards New Pharmacological Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2" Molecules 22, no. 1: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010056