The Lebanese Red Algae Jania rubens: Promising Biomolecules against Colon Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physicochemical Analysis of J. rubens
2.2. The Phenol and Flavonoid Content of J. rubens Extracts
2.3. The Antioxidant Effect of J. rubens Extracts
2.4. Antibacterial Effect of J. rubens Extracts
2.5. Anti-Proliferative Activity
2.5.1. J. rubens Extracts Inhibit the Proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 Cells
- Effect of DM extracts on the viability of CRC cell lines
- Effect of M extracts on the viability of CRC cell lines
- Effect of AQ Extracts on the Viability of CRC Cell Lines
2.5.2. DM Soxhlet and M Soxhlet Extracts of J. rubens Reduce the Migration Ability of HT-29 and HCT-116 Cells
- The Effect of DM Soxhlet extracts on the migration ability of HT-29 and HCT-116 cells
- Anti-migratory effect of M Soxhlet extracts against HCT-116 and HT-29
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Macroalgal Biomass
4.2. Physicochemical Analysis
4.2.1. Proximal and Elemental Analysis
4.2.2. Organic Content Analysis
4.2.3. Pigment Analysis
4.3. Seaweed Solvent Extraction
4.4. Total Phenol Content
4.5. Total Flavonoid Content
4.6. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay
4.7. Antimicrobial Assay
4.8. Cell Lines and Culture
4.8.1. Cell Viability Assay
4.8.2. Trypan Blue Test
4.8.3. Wound-Healing Migration Assay
4.9. Reagents
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Proximal Analysis | Results % (w/w) | SD |
---|---|---|
Ash Content | 66.08 | 1.59 |
Humidity | 2.31 | 0.46 |
Water-Soluble Ash | 23.26 | 1.67 |
Acid-Insoluble Ash | 24.04 | 2.21 |
Total Carbohydrates | 14.48 | 6.63 |
Total Lipids | 4.5 | 2.13 |
Total Proteins | 11.3 | 1.74 |
Trace Minerals | Concentration (mg/g) |
---|---|
Fe | 0.4 ± 0.04 |
Cu | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
Zn | 0.036 ± 0.13 |
Ca | 24 ± 0.5 |
Mg | 33 ± 0.5 |
Type of Pigment | Concentration |
---|---|
Chlorophyll a (mg/g) | 0.82 ± 0.02 |
Total Chlorophyll (mg/g) | 1.04 ± 2.27 |
Chlorophyll c1 + c2 (µg/g) | 4.68 ± 0.01 |
Carotenoids (mg/g) | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
Bacterial Strains | AQ Extract | DM Extract | M Extract | Positive Control |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zone of Inhibition (mm) | ||||
A. Baumannii (G-) | - | - | - | 15 |
P. Aeruginosa (G-) | - | - | - | 21 |
E. Coli (G-) | - | - | - | 28 |
B. Cereus (G+) | - | - | - | 28 |
S. Pneumonia (G+) | - | - | - | 28 |
In Vitro Cytotoxicity, IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|
Extracts | HCT-116 | HT-29 |
DM Soxhlet | 499.94 | 531.44 |
DM Crude | 2603.54 | 1560.38 |
M Soxhlet | 389.73 | 666.82 |
M Crude | 1578.13 | 1662.74 |
AQ Soxhlet | 1490.37 | 1657.26 |
AQ Crude | 1629.45 | 1240.42 |
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Rifi, M.; Radwan, Z.; AlMonla, R.; Fajloun, Z.; Sabatier, J.M.; Kouzayha, A.; El-Sabban, M.; Mawlawi, H.; Dassouki, Z. The Lebanese Red Algae Jania rubens: Promising Biomolecules against Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022, 27, 6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196617
Rifi M, Radwan Z, AlMonla R, Fajloun Z, Sabatier JM, Kouzayha A, El-Sabban M, Mawlawi H, Dassouki Z. The Lebanese Red Algae Jania rubens: Promising Biomolecules against Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196617
Chicago/Turabian StyleRifi, Mariam, Zeina Radwan, Reem AlMonla, Ziad Fajloun, Jean Marc Sabatier, Achraf Kouzayha, Marwan El-Sabban, Hiba Mawlawi, and Zeina Dassouki. 2022. "The Lebanese Red Algae Jania rubens: Promising Biomolecules against Colon Cancer Cells" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196617