Pigmented Fungiform Papillae (PFP) of the Tongue: A Systematic Review of Current Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cumulative Data
3.2. Clinical Appearance of PFP
3.3. Associated Dermatological and Other Systemic Manifestations
Gender | Age | Ethnicity | Location of Affected Papillae | Clinical Appearance | Dermoscopy | Type | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 7 | Ethiopian | Antero-dorsal | Multiple brown pigmented spots | RP | Type 2 | [63] |
Female | 8 | African | Antero-lateral | Multiple dark pinhead papules | RP | Type 2 | [57] |
Female | 9 | Japanese | Anterial and dorsal | Multiple pigmentation | CS | Type 1 | [64] |
Female | 9 | NR | Lateral | Multiple pigmentation | NR | Type 1 | [43] |
Female | 10 | Indian | Dorsal and lateral | Multiple sharply bordered macules | NR | Type 2 | [55] |
Female | 12 | Moroccan | Anterial | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae in a diffuse and symmetrical pattern | RP | Type 1 | [46] |
Female | 12 | African | Anterial, lateral, and dorsal | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae presenting as dark patches | RP | Type 2 | [36] |
Female | 12 | NR | Anterial and dorsal | Multiple discrete tan-brown pinhead papules | RP | Type 2 | [58] |
Female | 12 | NR | Dorsal and lateral | Brown pigmentations | RP CS | Type 1 | [47] |
Female | 12 | Asian | Anterial | Tiny pigmented macules | CS | Type 2 | [65] |
Female | 13 | South Asian | Anterial | Light to dark brown pigmentation, round or polygonal in shape, and circumscribed | CS | Type 1 | [66] |
Female | 13 | Mexican | NR | Multiple hyperchromic macules, light brown, mottled, 1 mm in diameter | RP | Type 2 | [48] |
Female | 15 | NR | Anterial, lateral, and dorsal | Asymptomatic and multiple brown pigmentations | CS RP | Type 1 Type 2 | [49] |
Female | 15 | NR | Dorsal | Multiple brown macules | NR | Type 2 | [31] |
Female | 18 | North African | Anterial | Multiple small erythematous and hyperpigmented papules | RP | Type 1 | [50] |
Female | 18 | Black | Dorsal | Bluish-black to black macular hyperpigmentation measuring 30–70 mm | NR | Type 1 | [33] |
Female | 18 | NR | Dorsal | Dark spots | NR | NCP | [51] |
Female | 20 | NR | Antero-lateral and dorsal | Multiple brown macules | RP | Type 2 | [67] |
Female | 20 | Moroccan | Dorsal | NR | NR | Type 2 | [68] |
Female | 21 | NR | Antero-lateral | Irregularly distributed pigmentation | RP | Type 2 | [42] |
Female | 23 | NR | Antero-lateral | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae in a diffuse pattern | NR | Type 2 | [56] |
Female | 24 | Hispanic | Dorsal and lateral | Diffuse punctate pigmentation in a symmetrical pattern, and others grouped in a mottled pattern | RP | Type 1 | [69] |
Female | 25 | Saudi | Dorsal | Diffuse tan, brown, patches with prominent dark papillae | NR | Type 2 | [52] |
Female | 25 | Korean | Antero-lateral | Multiple dark brownish macules | NR | Type 1 | [70] |
Female | 33 | Korean | Antero-lateral | Multiple dark brownish macules | NR | Type 1 | |
Female | 26 | Black | Antero-lateral | Small reddish-brown pigmented lesions | NR | Type 1 | [71] |
Female | 26 | Indian | Dorsal | Multiple tiny brown macules | NR | Type 1 | [37] |
Female | 27 | Italian | Antero-lateral | Multiple blue-grey pigmentation, diffuse with a symmetrical pattern | RP | Type 2 | [72] |
Female | 28 | Haitian | Antero-lateral | Multiple dark brown macules | NR | Type 2 | [73] |
Female | 28 | NR | Dorsal | Multiple discrete tan-brown pin-head papules | RP | Type 2 | [53] |
Female | 29 | NR | Dorsal | Hyperpigmentation, diffuse with a symmetrical pattern | NR | Type 2 | [61] |
Female | 30 | NR | Dorsal | Hyperpigmented macules | RP | Type 2 | [30] |
Female | 30 | Black | Anterial | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae | RP | Type 2 | [74] |
Female | 32 | Caucasian | Dorsal | 6 mm oval area with brown pigmentation | NR | Type 2 | [75] |
Female | 35 | Japanese | Antero-lateral | Hyperpigmented papillae | RP | Type 1 | [44] |
Female | 35 | African | Dorsal | Groups of 15 to 20 papillae with a mottled appearance | NR | Type 2 | [76] |
Female | 43 | South American | Dorsal | Diffuse and symmetrical pattern of macules | NR | Type 1 | |
Female | 40 | Black | Anterial | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae | RP | Type 2 | [39] |
Female | 44 | Black | Anterial | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae | RP | Type 2 | |
Female | 44 | African | Antero-lateral | NR | NR | Type 2 | [77] |
Female | 45 | Hispanic | Lateral | Multiple dark-brown pigmented papules | NR | Type 1 | [78] |
Female | NR * | NR | Dorsal and lateral | Multiple hyperpigmented papillae and patches | CS | Type 2 | [38] |
Male | 8 | Latin America | Anterial and dorsal | Multiple asymptomatic and sharply demarcated hyperpigmented pinhead papules | CS | Type 2 | [59] |
Male | 11 | Brazilian | Anterial and lateral | Multiple tiny brown macules | NR | Type 1 | [62] |
Male | 12 | NR | Dorsal and lateral | Multiple pigmented papule in a symmetrical pattern | NR | Type 1 | [41] |
Male | 17 | Korean | Anterial | Well-demarcated small, black, clustered hyperpigmented papules | NR | Type 1 | [79] |
Male | 26 | Taiwanese | Antero-lateral | Multiple tiny brown macules | CS | Type 2 | [80] |
Male | 28 | NR | Anterial | Multiple dark-brown macules and dome shaped papules | CS | Type 1 | [34] |
Male | 28 | Hispanic | Latero-distal | Multiple dark-brown pigmented papules | RP | NCP | [35] |
Male | 36 | Italian | Dorsal and lateral | Multiple brown papillae | CS | Type 2 | [81] |
Male | 42 | Japanese | Lateral | Black pigmented papillae | NR | Type 1 | [40] |
Male | 65 | Vietnamese | Dorsal and lateral | NR | NR | Type 2 | [82] |
Female | 21 | Javanese | Dorsal and lateral | Multiple brownish-black, diffuse, and asymptomatic macules | CS | Type 2 | [60] |
Male | 22 | Javanese | Dorsal | Multiple macules, brownish-black and sharing a clear border | CS | Type 2 | |
Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Male Male | 18 18 22 26 27 29 31 36 39 40 48 51 8 24 52 | Mixed ethnicity | Not reported individually in each patient | patient | Not reported individually in each patient | Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 2 Type 1 Type 2 Type 2 | [54] |
3.4. Complete Blood Cell Count and Blood Chemistry Findings
3.5. Liver and Kidney Function Tests
3.6. Infection Markers, Endocrine, Auto-Immune, Ophthalmological, and Neurological Findings
3.7. Additional Findings
3.8. Histopathology
3.9. Immunohistochemistry
3.10. Other Features
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Ages | Ethnicity | Histopathological Findings | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 9 | Japanese |
| [64] |
Female | 9 | NR |
| [43] |
Female | 12 | Asian | Melanophages in the submucosa | [65] |
Female | 18 | Black | Chromatophores in the subepidermal area and around the blood vessels within the fungiform papillae | [33] |
Female | 18 | NR | Melanophages were found in the lamina propria of the papillae | [51] |
Female | 20 | NR | Melanophages in the lamina propria | [67] |
Female | 24 | Hispanic | Melanophages in the lamina propria | [69] |
Female | 25 | Korean | Melanophages in the upper lamina propria | [70] |
Female | 33 | Korean | Melanophages in the upper lamina propria | |
Female | 26 | Black |
| [71] |
Female | 27 | Italian |
| [72] |
Female | 28 | Haitian |
| [73] |
Female | 32 | Caucasian | Melanophages were prominent in the fungiform and adjacent filiform papillae | [75] |
Female | 35 | Japanese |
| [44] |
Female | 45 | Hispanic | Melanin deposits in the epithelium | [78] |
Male | 12 | NR | Melanophages in the subepidermal area | [41] |
Male | 17 | Korean | Melanophages in the upper lamina propria without significant inflammation | [79] |
Male | 26 | Taiwanese | Pigmented basal keratinocytes and melanophages in the upper lamina propria | [80] |
Male | 28 | NR |
| [34] |
Male | 28 | Hispanic | Melanophages within the lamina propria | [35] |
Male | 42 | Japanese | Melanophages in the upper lamina propria without significant inflammation | [40] |
Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Male Male | 18 18 22 26 27 29 31 36 39 40 48 51 8 24 52 | Mixed ethnicity |
| [54] |
Gender | Ages | Ethnicity | Routine Staining | Special Staining | Immunohistochemical Staining | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marker | Staining | Marker | Staining | Marker | Staining | ||||
Female | 9 | NR | Brown pigment in the basal layer of keratinocytes | HE | Iron and hemosiderin not detected | Perl’s | Immuno-reactive for Sox-10 | IHC | [43] |
Female | 27 | Italian |
| HE | - | - | Immuno-reactive of CD3+ T lymphocytes | IHC | [72] |
Female | 32 | Caucasian | The stroma supporting the fungiform and adjacent filiform papillae showed prominent melanophages | HE | - | - |
| IHC | [75] |
Female | 35 | Japanese |
| HE | Melanin was detected | Fontana–Masson | - | - | [44] |
Iron and hemosiderin not detected | Berlin blue | - | - |
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Surboyo, M.D.C.; Samaranayake, L.; Santosh, A.B.R.; Ayuningtyas, N.F.; Wati, S.M.; Rahayu, R.P.; Urbina, F.; Kuntari, W.L.; Syahnia, S.J.M.R.; Puspasari, K.; et al. Pigmented Fungiform Papillae (PFP) of the Tongue: A Systematic Review of Current Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology. Pathophysiology 2022, 29, 555-569. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030043
Surboyo MDC, Samaranayake L, Santosh ABR, Ayuningtyas NF, Wati SM, Rahayu RP, Urbina F, Kuntari WL, Syahnia SJMR, Puspasari K, et al. Pigmented Fungiform Papillae (PFP) of the Tongue: A Systematic Review of Current Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology. Pathophysiology. 2022; 29(3):555-569. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030043
Chicago/Turabian StyleSurboyo, Meircurius Dwi Condro, Lakshman Samaranayake, Arvind Babu Rajendra Santosh, Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas, Sisca Meida Wati, Retno Pudji Rahayu, Francisco Urbina, Winni Langgeng Kuntari, Sesaria Junita Mega Rahma Syahnia, Karlina Puspasari, and et al. 2022. "Pigmented Fungiform Papillae (PFP) of the Tongue: A Systematic Review of Current Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology" Pathophysiology 29, no. 3: 555-569. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29030043