A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We investigate EO-aware power distribution based on a Stackelberg game analytical framework with multiple retailers and an off-grid BS under the sufficient and insufficient RES’s generation. The proposed game-theoretic approach based power distribution is then decomposed into two sub-problems, which include the power distribution and the pricing decision.
- We formulate the power distribution problem in the off-grid BS operation as a multi-leader single-follower Stackelberg game, where the well-defined utilities are introduced to maximize the retailers’ revenues and to minimize EOs and power cost of the off-grid BS. The Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) of two sub-problems is obtained based on the Lagrangian dual function and gradient descent method.
- The Stackelberg game based power distribution can guarantee the retailers’ revenues under providing unreliable power supply to the off-grid BS. Under such circumstances, the off-grid BS can reduce EOs as well as OPEX efficiently. Based on iterative power distribution and pricing decision algorithms, the proposed solution can converge to a unique equilibrium within an acceptable convergence time.
2. Related Work
3. Game Formulation
3.1. System Model
3.2. Retailer Stage Model
3.3. Off-Grid BS Stage Model
4. Solution of the Proposed Stackelberg Game
4.1. Optimization of Power Distribution for the Off-Grid BS
Algorithm 1: Power Distribution and Pricing Decision Algorithm. |
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4.2. Optimization of Unit Power Price for the Retailers
4.3. Algorithm Design and Complexity Analysis
5. Numerical Results
5.1. Analysis of RES’s and BS’s Normalized Profile
- Sufficient RESs’ generation
- Insufficient RESs’ generation.
5.2. Case 1: Sufficient RESs’ Generation
5.3. Case 2: Insufficient RESs’ Generation
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jeon, S.H.; Lee, J.; Park, H.-S. A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers. Energies 2018, 11, 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040775
Jeon SH, Lee J, Park H-S. A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers. Energies. 2018; 11(4):775. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040775
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Seung Hyun, Joohyung Lee, and Hong-Shik Park. 2018. "A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers" Energies 11, no. 4: 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040775