Ash and Flue Gas from Oil Shale Oxy-Fuel Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. The Oil Shale
2.2. The Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Test Facility
2.3. Description of the Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sulfur Oxides Emissions
3.2. Nitrogen Oxides Emissions
3.3. Ashes
3.4. Comparison with Utility Scale
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Net Heating Value, MJ/kg | Proximate Analysis, wt.as received % | Ultimate Analysis, wt.dry % | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | Volatile Matter * | Fixed Carbon | Ash | C | N | S | H | TOC ** | (CO2)mineral | |
8.56 | 0.50 | 47.5 | 1.3 | 50.7 | 27.4 | 0.07 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 21.8 | 20.6 |
Constituent | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | SO3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | K2O | Cl | Na2O | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content, wt % | 43.9 | 27.5 | 8.6 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
Air | OXY21 | OXY30 | |
---|---|---|---|
Bed temperature, °C | 749 | 676 | 773 |
Riser temperature, °C | 752 | 692 | 743 |
Combustion air temperature, °C | 284 | 250 | 242 |
Primary oxidizer flow, SLPM | 394 | 279 | 198 |
Total oxidizer flow, SLPM | 857 | 710 | 438 |
Thermal load, kW | 25.3 | 23.8 | 14.1 |
Pressure drop in bed, kPa | 2.4 | 3.6 | 1.4 |
Gas velocity in the bed, m/s | 2.17 | 1.43 | 1.12 |
Item | Unit | Air | OXY21 | OXY30 |
---|---|---|---|---|
O2 | %dry | 10.0 ± 1.9 | 8.5 ± 2.1 | 12.9 ± 2.9 |
NOx | mg/Nm3 @ 6%O2 | 141 ± 29 | 156 ± 20 | 130 ± 65 |
SO2 | mg/Nm3 @ 6%O2 | <14 ± 9 | 23 ± 14 | <14 ± 4 |
CO | mg/Nm3 @ 6%O2 | 943 ± 99 | 2361 ± 953 | 337 ± 466 |
Desulfurization efficiency | % | 99 | 99 | 99 |
SO2 emission | mg/MJ | <8 | 9 | <8 |
NOx emission | mg/MJ | 34 | 40 | 33 |
Fuel nitrogen conversion ratio | % | 20 | 24 | 20 |
Ash Flow | Combustion Mode | CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | Cl | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA | Air | 60.1 | 10.2 | 13.4 | 3.2 | 8.0 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
OXY21 | 65.2 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 2.8 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | |
OXY30 | 63.9 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 3.5 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | |
EHE | Air | 48.7 | 18.9 | 11.4 | 5.8 | 8.0 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
OXY21 | 51.8 | 18.3 | 9.1 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 | |
OXY30 | 50.3 | 20.2 | 8.7 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | |
CI | Air | 30.9 | 35.8 | 5.6 | 10.7 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
OXY21 | 33.9 | 32.7 | 6.7 | 10.1 | 6.5 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 | |
OXY30 | 28.3 | 38.0 | 5.5 | 11.1 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.0 | |
CII | Air | 31.1 | 35.7 | 5.6 | 10.6 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
OXY21 | 28.6 | 36.2 | 5.7 | 11.6 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | |
OXY30 | 30.9 | 35.8 | 5.5 | 10.5 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.3 | |
FA | Air | 29.3 | 36.0 | 5.2 | 11.8 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
OXY21 | 27.7 | 37.0 | 5.1 | 12.1 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | |
OXY30 | 28.6 | 37.7 | 5.1 | 11.2 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
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Loo, L.; Konist, A.; Neshumayev, D.; Pihu, T.; Maaten, B.; Siirde, A. Ash and Flue Gas from Oil Shale Oxy-Fuel Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion. Energies 2018, 11, 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051218
Loo L, Konist A, Neshumayev D, Pihu T, Maaten B, Siirde A. Ash and Flue Gas from Oil Shale Oxy-Fuel Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion. Energies. 2018; 11(5):1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051218
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoo, Lauri, Alar Konist, Dmitri Neshumayev, Tõnu Pihu, Birgit Maaten, and Andres Siirde. 2018. "Ash and Flue Gas from Oil Shale Oxy-Fuel Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion" Energies 11, no. 5: 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051218