A Review of Urban Wind Energy Research: Aerodynamics and Other Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.2. Scope
1.3. Organization of the Review
2. Review of the State of the Art
2.1. Urban Wind Resource
2.1.1. Analytical and Engineering Based Approaches
2.1.2. Probabilistic Methods
2.1.3. Urban Wind Resource Using CFD Approaches
2.2. Building Influence and Wind Energy Exploitation
2.3. VAWT/HAWT Aerodynamics for Urban Wind Energy
2.3.1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
2.3.2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
2.3.3. Structural Considerations
2.4. Rotor Design
2.5. Building Integrated Wind Energy
2.6. Other Factors
2.6.1. Noise and Vibrations
2.6.2. Social Acceptance
and go on to show how no clear conclusions have been drawn yet, possibly because of the virtually wide range of settings that are possible.The community responses to the (urban wind) proposals were complex and varied and could not adequately be encapsulated by ‘nimby’ (not in my back yard) assignations.
2.6.3. Economics
3. Challenges and Future Perspectives
- scale: urban, building, turbine or multi-scale
- methodology: wind tunnel testing, on-site testing or simulation
- outcome: turbine design guidelines, new methods or simulation guidelines
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Terrain | Roughness Length (m) |
---|---|
Cities, forests | 0.7 |
Suburbs, wooded countryside | 0.3 |
Villages, countryside with trees | 0.1 |
Open farmland, few trees and buildings | 0.03 |
Flat grassy planes | 0.01 |
Flat desert, rough seas | 0.001 |
Cost of Energy Context | Rural (eur) | Urban (eur) |
---|---|---|
Sri Lanka | 0.17 | 0.69 |
Ireland | 0.36 | 1.20 |
U.K. | 0.34 | 0.98 |
Publication | Urban Scale | Building Scale | Turbine Scale | Multi-Scale | Site Testing | Wind Tunnel Testing | Simulation | Turbine Design Guidelines | New Methods | Simulation Guidelines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drew et al. [9], Millward-Hopkins et al. [10,11] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Al-Quraan et al. [12] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Safari and Gasore [14] | ✓ | |||||||||
Mertens [13] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Simões and Estanqueiro [15] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Balduzzi et al. [16] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Yu et al. [31], Shao et al. [32], Murakami and Mochida [33], Wright and Wood [34], Lu and Ip [35], Lu and Sun [36], Toja-Silva et al. [37], Wright and Wood [34], Shao et al. [32], Abohela et al. [22], Toja-Silva et al. [40] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Micallef et al. [44] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Guerri et al. [45] | ✓ | |||||||||
Ebert and Wood [46] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Wright and Wood [34] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Howell et al. [51], Tescione et al. [52], Chong et al. [94] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Lam and Peng [54] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Peng et al. [55],Armstrong et al. [57] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Lanzafame et al. [61], McNaughton et al. [62], Trivellato and Raciti Castelli [64] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Raciti Castelli et al. [63] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Mertens [65] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Simao Ferreira et al. [39] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Chowdhury et al. [67] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Miau et al. [68], Ahmadi-Baloutaki et al. [69] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Wekesa et al. [70], Kear et al. [91] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Onol and Yesilyurt [72], Bedon et al. [90], Kear et al. [91], Wang et al. [92] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Wekesa et al. [70] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Kjellin et al. [75] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Selig and McGranahan [88], Ferreira et al. [89] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
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Micallef, D.; Van Bussel, G. A Review of Urban Wind Energy Research: Aerodynamics and Other Challenges. Energies 2018, 11, 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092204
Micallef D, Van Bussel G. A Review of Urban Wind Energy Research: Aerodynamics and Other Challenges. Energies. 2018; 11(9):2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092204
Chicago/Turabian StyleMicallef, Daniel, and Gerard Van Bussel. 2018. "A Review of Urban Wind Energy Research: Aerodynamics and Other Challenges" Energies 11, no. 9: 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092204