Financial Analysis of International Energy Trade: A Strategic Outlook for EU-15
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. IT2 Fuzzy DEMATEL
3.2. TOPSIS
4. Analysis
4.1. Analysis Design
4.2. Results
4.2.1. Weighting the Criteria
4.2.2. Ranking Alternatives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 8677760 | 2717815 | 696876 | 7538424 | 564137 | 362818 |
Denmark (A2) | 24879865 | 3276379 | 180940 | 2767182 | 98986 | 106175 |
France (A3) | 12770521 | 12725169 | 1394857 | 6744207 | 1630468 | 975626 |
Germany (A4) | 24890626 | 18526935 | 1439103 | 6561692 | 59732 | 415913 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 181409 | 2541937 | 210169 | 1008810 | 2212 | 32078 |
Netherlands (A6) | 10251593 | 9120663 | 266361 | 10476584 | 512148 | 16703 |
Sweden (A7) | 3144027 | 3245440 | 189334 | 3475694 | 1217 | 148304 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 8657375 | 2744940 | 713130 | 7744613 | 596678 | 320520 |
Denmark (A2) | 30191746 | 3236176 | 148223 | 2673329 | 100774 | 134476 |
France (A3) | 14554283 | 12462583 | 1316462 | 6661055 | 1548257 | 1107958 |
Luxembourg (A4) | 247322 | 2835884 | 210723 | 1007033 | 3327 | 39926 |
Netherlands (A5) | 11008153 | 9562374 | 280150 | 10399830 | 445290 | 47135 |
Sweden (A6) | 3699443 | 3327070 | 187961 | 4091666 | 1442 | 113553 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 8987294 | 3148339 | 792060 | 8025412 | 825228 | 220238 |
Denmark (A2) | 36698422 | 4054771 | 198973 | 3108786 | 62694 | 191667 |
France (A3) | 16759301 | 14365873 | 1462061 | 8415472 | 1684952 | 1125070 |
Luxembourg (A4) | 294535 | 3281011 | 236159 | 1184773 | 1327 | 30515 |
Netherlands (A5) | 13653152 | 11382977 | 280472 | 13051080 | 575802 | 94596 |
Sweden (A6) | 3810989 | 3480643 | 249849 | 4543826 | 2122 | 133544 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 10340446 | 2759046 | 762123 | 6239054 | 641299 | 519147 |
Denmark (A2) | 35481896 | 4163233 | 214190 | 2935324 | 47672 | 130665 |
France (A3) | 15518636 | 13157912 | 1937174 | 8897192 | 1303842 | 981201 |
Luxembourg (A4) | 252271 | 2670087 | 219077 | 1132563 | 2655 | 27883 |
Sweden (A5) | 4279418 | 3913381 | 322872 | 4525656 | 1727 | 135338 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 6100427 | 3101649 | 524316 | 8671123 | 507724 | 240035 |
Denmark (A2) | 20216577 | 2911403 | 94451 | 2995347 | 192110 | 152295 |
France (A3) | 9163361 | 14412051 | 1861653 | 14598990 | 263264 | 362818 |
Germany (A4) | 18082262 | 19576673 | 1742189 | 13844595 | 667009 | 1262119 |
Greece (A5) | 1450829 | 1237009 | 15154 | 176210 | 996 | 25220 |
Luxembourg (A6) | 430293 | 1097302 | 219018 | 914787 | 40928 | 57520 |
Netherlands (A7) | 4754351 | 5003456 | 529404 | 8843904 | 3318 | 28981 |
Sweden (A8) | 2518296 | 2911562 | 354448 | 4231702 | 3207 | 131052 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 5967888 | 3366018 | 585587 | 8021880 | 595569 | 192978 |
Denmark (A2) | 22163333 | 2994497 | 107315 | 2859134 | 169397 | 80153 |
France (A3) | 9898421 | 14097348 | 1780052 | 13744665 | 326066 | 430318 |
Greece (A4) | 2352774 | 1327997 | 10314 | 152718 | 1885 | 26950 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 446954 | 1140121 | 222922 | 1276536 | 43254 | 75417 |
Netherlands (A6) | 4985255 | 4796825 | 558415 | 8711165 | 6987 | 41812 |
Sweden (A7) | 2836820 | 2791687 | 337442 | 4817005 | 444 | 76182 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 6536817 | 3996121 | 740317 | 8467215 | 802674 | 90218 |
Denmark (A2) | 24932851 | 3472862 | 132958 | 3400339 | 132162 | 141991 |
France (A3) | 11092821 | 17077717 | 1708833 | 15800072 | 372812 | 455070 |
Greece (A4) | 3841158 | 1278838 | 14992 | 166770 | 3848 | 37281 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 481604 | 1326733 | 253406 | 2853804 | 35822 | 59703 |
Netherlands (A6) | 6281686 | 5780446 | 672919 | 9835343 | 9951 | 84115 |
Sweden (A7) | 3677843 | 3431972 | 502880 | 5315121 | 1061 | 105297 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 7791184 | 3954012 | 621383 | 5933674 | 647938 | 286792 |
Denmark (A2) | 25817703 | 3057889 | 154435 | 3170628 | 112739 | 45414 |
France (A3) | 10455959 | 16651198 | 1792450 | 15843932 | 326624 | 475331 |
Greece (A4) | 4154634 | 1341018 | 31999 | 133438 | 3319 | 36911 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 382389 | 995806 | 245632 | 2132351 | 19916 | 50454 |
Sweden (A6) | 3508562 | 3697291 | 494734 | 5697611 | 3188 | 114619 |
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Author | Subject | Results |
---|---|---|
D’Adamo and Rosa [7] | Evaluation of the renewable energy sources | They proposed a framework to help decision makers of energy policy makers. |
Magazzino [8] | The stationary properties of per capita energy use | The findings show mixed results regarding the panel stationarity of energy use per capita |
Casals et al. [9] | Electric vehicle use | France and Norway are more successful regarding electric vehicle use |
Pacesila et al. [10] | Renewable energy in Europe | The main characteristics of the renewable energy policy in Europe are underlined. |
Khanam et al. [11] | European energy policy | The findings showed that 49% of the experts perceived that renewable energy target would not be achieved |
Magazzino [12] | The stationary properties of per capita energy use | Most of the country series does not reject the unit root null hypothesis at the 5% significance level |
Nicolini and Tavoni [13] | Efficiency of energy policies | They have found that 1% increase in the incentive tariff will increase in renewable of 0.4–1% |
Gökgöz and Güvercin [14] | Energy security and renewable energy efficiency in EU | Technological development has an important effect on the renewable energy efficiency. |
Dominković et al. [15] | The future of transportation in sustainable energy systems | Electric modes of transport have the highest benefits. |
Moro and Lonza [16] | Electricity carbon intensity in Europe | Greenhouse gas (GHG) trade between countries, affect the carbon intensity of electricity consumed at national level. |
Carrilero et al. [17] | Redesigning European public transport | Strengths and weaknesses are explained in order to redesign public transport in Europe. |
Biresselioglu et al. [18] | Electric mobility in Europe | Lack of charging infrastructure and economic restrictions are important barriers for electric mobility. |
Hasan et al. [19] | Literature review of similar studies | Energy saving and greenhouse gas became very popular topics. |
Wang et al. [20] | Literature review of similar studies | European countries are the leader in sustainable consumption and production practices. |
Liu et al. [21] | Renewable energy power systems | They proposed a line modal potential energy method. |
Amiri and Weinberger [22] | Renewable electricity | Profitability of biofuel investment increases electricity price. |
Li et al. [23] | An integrated offshore renewable energy system | They developed a device which reduces fatigue damage. |
Haratian et al. [24] | Iran’s renewable energy system | Increasing the discount rates goes up the energy cost. |
Thies et al. [25] | Literature review of similar studies | Sensitivity analysis and fuzzy logic are preferred in the analysis process. |
Waltho et al. [26] | Literature review of similar studies | Supply chain network has mainly focused on carbon. |
Rahman et al. [27] | Literature review of similar studies | Researchers prefer fuzzy logic more especially in the last studies. |
Mardani et al. [28] | CO2 emissions and economic growth | CO2 emission should be reduced to provide sustainable economic growth. |
Oh et al. [29] | Energy policies in Malaysia | Energy efficiency contributes to the economic improvement. |
Steg et al. [30] | The forces of energy consumers | Technological development and individual behavior affect energy consumption. |
Fontes and Freires [31] | Renewable energy supply chain | Understanding of supply chain in renewable energy has a great importance. |
Hatefi and Torabi [32] | Indicators of sustainable energy indices | Life expectancy, education and GDP growth positively affect sustainable energy indices |
Perlaviciute et al. [33] | Sustainable energy transition | Sensitivity analysis and fuzzy logic are more preferred in the analysis process of the latest studies. |
Segura et al. [34] | Literature review of similar studies | PESTEL analysis became very popular in the latest studies. |
Gerres et al. [35] | Literature review of similar studies | They identified the decarbonization of low temperature heat by cross-sector technologies |
García-Álvarez et al. [36] | European energy regulation | They indicated that policy makers must consider importance of reducing regulatory uncertainty about feed-in tariff and quota obligation policies. |
Hadjimichael [37] | EU’s Blue Growth strategy | EU’s Blue Growth strategy is criticized and questioned. |
Child et al. [38] | 2050 goal of renewable energy | Their results indicate that the levelized cost of electricity falls in 2050 |
Tseng et al. [39] | Literature review of similar studies | There is a sharp growth of publications about Green Supply Chain Management after 2010. |
Matschoss et al. [40] | German regulation related to renewable energy | German regulation provides lower costs of renewables. |
Bhardwaj et al. [41] | Literature review of similar studies | Multi-criteria decision approaches (MCDA) are used in energy policy decisions |
Savvidis et al. [42] | Literature review of similar studies | They examined literature which assess the ability of energy systems for major energy policies and proposed a set of criteria to compare a sample of 40 models. |
Zappa et al. [43] | European power system in 2050 | 100% renewable system may not reduce year 2050 goal. |
Verma et al. [44] | Emerging biomass energy resource | Black liquor is an emerging biomass energy resource which ensures self-sufficient and sustainable process |
Linguistic Scales | Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Numbers |
---|---|
Very very low (VVL) | ((0,0.1,0.1,0.2;1,1), (0.05,0.1,0.1,0.15;0.9,0.9)) |
Very low (VL) | ((0.1,0.2,0.2,0.35;1,1), (0.15,0.2,0.2,0.3;0.9,0.9)) |
Low (L) | ((0.2,0.35,0.35,0.5;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.9,0.9)) |
Medium (M) | ((0.35,0.5,0.5,0.65;1,1), (0.4,0.5,0.5,0.6;0.9,0.9)) |
High (H) | ((0.5,0.65,0.65,0.8;1,1), (0.55,0.65,0.65,0.75;0.9,0.9)) |
Very high (VH) | ((0.65,0.8,0.8,0.9;1,1), (0.7,0.8,0.8,0.85;0.9,0.9)) |
Very very high (VVH) | ((0.8,0.9,0.9,1;1,1), (0.85,0.9,0.9,0.95;0.9,0.9)) |
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | ||||||
DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | |
C1 | - | - | - | H | M | M | M | VH | H |
C2 | M | M | L | - | - | - | M | L | M |
C3 | VH | H | H | M | M | H | - | - | - |
C4 | VH | H | M | H | VH | H | H | H | VH |
C5 | M | H | H | L | L | L | M | M | L |
C6 | L | M | L | L | L | L | L | L | M |
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | ||||||
DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | |
C1 | H | VH | H | L | M | L | L | M | L |
C2 | H | M | M | L | L | L | L | L | L |
C3 | H | M | H | L | L | L | L | L | L |
C4 | - | - | - | L | L | M | M | M | M |
C5 | VH | H | M | - | - | - | H | M | H |
C6 | M | M | M | M | H | H | - | - | - |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 8677760 | 2717815 | 696876 | 7538424 | 564137 | 362818 |
Denmark (A2) | 24879865 | 3276379 | 180940 | 2767182 | 98986 | 106175 |
France (A3) | 12770521 | 12725169 | 1394857 | 6744207 | 1630468 | 975626 |
Germany (A4) | 24890626 | 18526935 | 1439103 | 6561692 | 59732 | 415913 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 181409 | 2541937 | 210169 | 1008810 | 2212 | 32078 |
Netherlands (A6) | 10251593 | 9120663 | 266361 | 10476584 | 512148 | 16703 |
Sweden (A7) | 3144027 | 3245440 | 189334 | 3475694 | 1217 | 148304 |
Countries/Criteria | Sea (C1) | Air (C2) | Rail (C3) | Road (C4) | Pipeline (C5) | Electricity (C6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 6100427 | 3101649 | 524316 | 8671123 | 507724 | 240035 |
Denmark (A2) | 20216577 | 2911403 | 94451 | 2995347 | 192110 | 152295 |
France (A3) | 9163361 | 14412051 | 1861653 | 14598990 | 263264 | 362818 |
Germany (A4) | 18082262 | 19576673 | 1742189 | 13844595 | 667009 | 1262119 |
Greece (A5) | 1450829 | 1237009 | 15154 | 176210 | 996 | 25220 |
Luxembourg (A6) | 430293 | 1097302 | 219018 | 914787 | 40928 | 57520 |
Netherlands (A7) | 4754351 | 5003456 | 529404 | 8843904 | 3318 | 28981 |
Sweden (A8) | 2518296 | 2911562 | 354448 | 4231702 | 3207 | 131052 |
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.40,0.55,0.55,0.70;1,1), (0.45,0.55,0.55,0.65;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.50,0.65,0.65,0.78;1,1), (0.55,0.65,0.65,0.73;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.55,0.70,0.70,0.83;1,1), (0.60,0.70,0.70,0.78;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.25,0.40,0.40,0.55;1,1), (0.30,0.40,0.40,0.50;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.25,0.40,0.40,0.55;1,1), (0.30,0.40,0.40,0.50;0.90,0.90)) |
C2 | ((0.30,0.45,0.45,0.60;1,1), (0.35,0.45,0.45,0.55;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.30,0.45,0.45,0.60;1,1), (0.35,0.45,0.45,0.55;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.40,0.55,0.55,0.70;1,1), (0.45,0.55,0.55,0.65;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.35,0.35,0.50;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.35,0.35,0.50;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.90,0.90)) |
C3 | ((0.55,0.70,0.70,0.83;1,1), (0.60,0.70,0.70,0.78;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.40,0.55,0.55,0.70;1,1), (0.45,0.55,0.55,0.65;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.45,0.60,0.60,0.75;1,1), (0.50,0.60,0.60,0.70;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.35,0.35,0.50;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.35,0.35,0.50;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.90,0.90)) |
C4 | ((0.50,0.65,0.65,0.78;1,1), (0.55,0.65,0.65,0.73;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.55,0.70,0.70,0.83;1,1), (0.60,0.70,0.70,0.78;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.55,0.70,0.70,0.83;1,1), (0.60,0.70,0.70,0.78;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.25,0.40,0.40,0.55;1,1), (0.30,0.40,0.40,0.50;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.35,0.50,0.50,0.65;1,1), (0.40,0.50,0.50,0.60;0.90,0.90)) |
C5 | ((0.45,0.60,0.60,0.75;1,1), (0.50,0.60,0.60,0.70;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.35,0.35,0.50;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.30,0.45,0.45,0.60;1,1), (0.35,0.45,0.45,0.55;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.50,0.65,0.65,0.78;1,1), (0.55,0.65,0.65,0.73;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.45,0.60,0.60,0.75;1,1), (0.50,0.60,0.60,0.70;0.90,0.90)) |
C6 | ((0.25,0.40,0.40,0.55;1,1), (0.30,0.40,0.40,0.50;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.35,0.35,0.50;1,1), (0.25,0.35,0.35,0.45;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.25,0.40,0.40,0.55;1,1), (0.30,0.40,0.40,0.50;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.35,0.50,0.50,0.65;1,1), (0.40,0.50,0.50,0.60;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.45,0.60,0.60,0.75;1,1), (0.50,0.60,0.60,0.70;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) |
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.11,0.15,0.15,0.19;1,1), (0.12,0.15,0.15,0.18;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.14,0.18,0.18,0.21;1,1), (0.15,0.18,0.18,0.20;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.15,0.19,0.19,0.23;1,1), (0.16,0.19,0.19,0.21;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.07,0.11,0.11,0.15;1,1), (0.08,0.11,0.11,0.14;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.07,0.11,0.11,0.15;1,1), (0.08,0.11,0.11,0.14;0.90,0.90)) |
C2 | ((0.08,0.12,0.12,0.16;1,1), (0.10,0.12,0.12,0.15;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.08,0.12,0.12,0.16;1,1), (0.10,0.12,0.12,0.15;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.11,0.15,0.15,0.19;1,1), (0.12,0.15,0.15,0.18;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.05,0.10,0.10,0.14;1,1), (0.07,0.10,0.10,0.12;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.05,0.10,0.10,0.14;1,1), (0.07,0.10,0.10,0.12;0.90,0.90)) |
C3 | ((0.15,0.19,0.19,0.23;1,1), (0.16,0.19,0.19,0.21;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.11,0.15,0.15,0.19;1,1), (0.12,0.15,0.15,0.18;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.12,0.16,0.16,0.21;1,1), (0.14,0.16,0.16,0.19;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.05,0.10,0.10,0.14;1,1), (0.07,0.10,0.10,0.12;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.05,0.10,0.10,0.14;1,1), (0.07,0.10,0.10,0.12;0.90,0.90)) |
C4 | ((0.14,0.18,0.18,0.21;1,1), (0.15,0.18,0.18,0.20;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.15,0.19,0.19,0.23;1,1), (0.16,0.19,0.19,0.21;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.15,0.19,0.19,0.23;1,1), (0.16,0.19,0.19,0.21;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.07,0.11,0.11,0.15;1,1), (0.08,0.11,0.11,0.14;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.10,0.14,0.14,0.18;1,1), (0.11,0.14,0.14,0.16;0.90,0.90)) |
C5 | ((0.12,0.16,0.16,0.21;1,1), (0.14,0.16,0.16,0.19;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.05,0.10,0.10,0.14;1,1), (0.07,0.10,0.10,0.12;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.08,0.12,0.12,0.16;1,1), (0.10,0.12,0.12,0.15;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.14,0.18,0.18,0.21;1,1), (0.15,0.18,0.18,0.20;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.12,0.16,0.16,0.21;1,1), (0.14,0.16,0.16,0.19;0.90,0.90)) |
C6 | ((0.07,0.11,0.11,0.15;1,1), (0.08,0.11,0.11,0.14;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.05,0.10,0.10,0.14;1,1), (0.07,0.10,0.10,0.12;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.07,0.11,0.11,0.15;1,1), (0.08,0.11,0.11,0.14;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.10,0.14,0.14,0.18;1,1), (0.11,0.14,0.14,0.16;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.12,0.16,0.16,0.21;1,1), (0.14,0.16,0.16,0.19;0.90,0.90)) | ((0,0,0,0;1,1), (0,0,0,0;0.90,0.90)) |
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | ((0.11,0.33,0.33,1.50;1,1), (0.16,0.33,0.33,0.78;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.20,0.44,0.44,1.58;1,1), (0.25,0.44,0.44,0.88;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.23,0.47,0.47,1.64;1,1), (0.28,0.47,0.47,0.92;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.25,0.51,0.51,1.76;1,1), (0.31,0.51,0.51,1.00;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.13,0.35,0.35,1.37;1,1), (0.18,0.35,0.35,0.75;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.14,0.36,0.36,1.41;1,1), (0.19,0.36,0.36,0.77;0.90,0.90)) |
C2 | ((0.16,0.38,0.38,1.45;1,1), (0.21,0.38,0.38,0.80;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.07,0.25,0.25,1.23;1,1), (0.11,0.25,0.25,0.63;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.15,0.37,0.37,1.41;1,1), (0.20,0.37,0.37,0.78;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.18,0.42,0.42,1.53;1,1), (0.24,0.42,0.42,0.85;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.10,0.29,0.29,1.20;1,1), (0.15,0.29,0.29,0.65;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.11,0.30,0.30,1.24;1,1), (0.15,0.30,0.30,0.67;0.90,0.90)) |
C3 | ((0.24,0.50,0.50,1.76;1,1), (0.30,0.50,0.50,0.99;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.19,0.42,0.42,1.53;1,1), (0.25,0.42,0.42,0.86;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.10,0.30,0.30,1.41;1,1), (0.14,0.30,0.30,0.73;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.22,0.47,0.47,1.69;1,1), (0.28,0.47,0.47,0.95;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.12,0.33,0.33,1.32;1,1), (0.17,0.33,0.33,0.72;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.12,0.34,0.34,1.36;1,1), (0.17,0.34,0.34,0.74;0.90,0.90)) |
C4 | ((0.24,0.50,0.50,1.76;1,1), (0.30,0.50,0.50,0.99;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.24,0.49,0.49,1.67;1,1), (0.30,0.49,0.49,0.95;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.25,0.50,0.50,1.72;1,1), (0.30,0.50,0.50,0.97;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.13,0.37,0.37,1.65;1,1), (0.18,0.37,0.37,0.86;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.14,0.37,0.37,1.44;1,1), (0.19,0.37,0.37,0.79;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.17,0.40,0.40,1.50;1,1), (0.22,0.40,0.40,0.83;0.90,0.90)) |
C5 | ((0.22,0.47,0.47,1.66;1,1), (0.27,0.47,0.47,0.94;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.15,0.39,0.39,1.52;1,1), (0.20,0.39,0.39,0.84;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.18,0.42,0.42,1.59;1,1), (0.24,0.42,0.42,0.88;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.24,0.50,0.50,1.74;1,1), (0.30,0.50,0.50,0.98;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.07,0.25,0.25,1.24;1,1), (0.11,0.25,0.25,0.63;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.19,0.40,0.40,1.45;1,1), (0.24,0.40,0.40,0.81;0.90,0.90)) |
C6 | ((0.15,0.38,0.38,1.48;1,1), (0.20,0.38,0.38,0.81;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.13,0.34,0.34,1.38;1,1), (0.18,0.34,0.34,0.76;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.14,0.37,0.37,1.44;1,1), (0.20,0.37,0.37,0.79;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.18,0.42,0.42,1.56;1,1), (0.23,0.42,0.42,0.87;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.17,0.36,0.36,1.29;1,1), (0.21,0.36,0.36,0.72;0.90,0.90)) | ((0.06,0.23,0.23,1.15;1,1), (0.10,0.23,0.23,0.58;0.90,0.90)) |
Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | R | y | r+y | r-y | Weights |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 3.27 | 3.37 | 6.64 | −0.10 | 0.178 |
C2 | 0.51 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 2.74 | 3.12 | 5.86 | −0.38 | 0.157 |
C3 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 3.13 | 3.25 | 6.38 | −0.12 | 0.171 |
C4 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 3.47 | 3.54 | 7.02 | −0.07 | 0.188 |
C5 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.37 | 0.53 | 3.23 | 2.65 | 5.89 | 0.58 | 0.158 |
C6 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 2.84 | 2.76 | 5.60 | 0.08 | 0.150 |
Countries/Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 0.217 | 0.109 | 0.322 | 0.454 | 0.313 | 0.319 |
Denmark (A2) | 0.624 | 0.131 | 0.084 | 0.167 | 0.055 | 0.093 |
France (A3) | 0.320 | 0.510 | 0.644 | 0.406 | 0.904 | 0.859 |
Germany (A4) | 0.624 | 0.742 | 0.665 | 0.395 | 0.033 | 0.366 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 0.005 | 0.102 | 0.097 | 0.061 | 0.001 | 0.028 |
Netherlands (A6) | 0.257 | 0.365 | 0.123 | 0.631 | 0.284 | 0.015 |
Sweden (A7) | 0.079 | 0.130 | 0.087 | 0.209 | 0.001 | 0.131 |
Countries/Criteria | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 0.039 | 0.017 | 0.055 | 0.085 | 0.049 | 0.048 |
Denmark (A2) | 0.111 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.031 | 0.009 | 0.014 |
France (A3) | 0.057 | 0.080 | 0.110 | 0.076 | 0.142 | 0.129 |
Germany (A4) | 0.111 | 0.116 | 0.113 | 0.074 | 0.005 | 0.055 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
Netherlands (A6) | 0.046 | 0.057 | 0.021 | 0.118 | 0.045 | 0.002 |
Sweden (A7) | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.039 | 0.000 | 0.020 |
Countries/Criteria | Di+ | Di− | RCi | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 0.186 | 0.114 | 0.380 | 4 |
Denmark (A2) | 0.240 | 0.113 | 0.320 | 5 |
France (A3) | 0.078 | 0.238 | 0.754 | 1 |
Germany (A4) | 0.162 | 0.197 | 0.549 | 2 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 0.281 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 7 |
Netherlands (A6) | 0.204 | 0.131 | 0.391 | 3 |
Sweden (A7) | 0.258 | 0.036 | 0.121 | 6 |
Countries | Di+ | Di− | RCi | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 0.209 | 0.138 | 0.398 | 2 |
Denmark (A2) | 0.260 | 0.159 | 0.379 | 3 |
France (A3) | 0.088 | 0.294 | 0.769 | 1 |
Luxembourg (A4) | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 5 |
Sweden (A5) | 0.287 | 0.059 | 0.171 | 4 |
Countries | Di+ | Di− | RCi | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 0.214 | 0.120 | 0.360 | 4 |
Denmark (A2) | 0.252 | 0.151 | 0.374 | 3 |
France (A3) | 0.094 | 0.267 | 0.740 | 1 |
Luxembourg (A4) | 0.311 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 6 |
Netherlands (A5) | 0.219 | 0.156 | 0.415 | 2 |
Sweden (A6) | 0.285 | 0.040 | 0.123 | 5 |
Countries | Di+ | Di− | RCi | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium (A1) | 0.206 | 0.128 | 0.384 | 3 |
Denmark (A2) | 0.256 | 0.148 | 0.366 | 4 |
France (A3) | 0.089 | 0.270 | 0.753 | 1 |
Luxembourg (A4) | 0.309 | 0.007 | 0.022 | 6 |
Netherlands (A5) | 0.226 | 0.147 | 0.395 | 2 |
Sweden (A6) | 0.285 | 0.043 | 0.131 | 5 |
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Export | Inc. | Exc. | Energy Export | Inc. | Exc. | Energy Export | Inc. | Exc. | Energy Export | Inc. | Exc. |
Belgium (A1) | 2 | 3 | Belgium (A1) | 4 | 4 | Belgium (A1) | 3 | 4 | Belgium (A1) | 4 | 5 |
Denmark (A2) | 3 | 2 | Denmark (A2) | 3 | 3 | Denmark (A2) | 4 | 3 | Denmark (A2) | 5 | 4 |
France (A3) | 1 | 1 | France (A3) | 1 | 1 | France (A3) | 1 | 1 | France (A3) | 1 | 2 |
Luxem. (A4) | 5 | 5 | Luxem. (A4) | 6 | 6 | Luxem. (A4) | 6 | 6 | Germany (A4) | 2 | 1 |
Sweden (A5) | 4 | 4 | Netherlands (A5) | 2 | 2 | Netherlands (A5) | 2 | 2 | Luxem. (A5) | 7 | 7 |
Sweden (A6) | 5 | 5 | Sweden (A6) | 5 | 5 | Netherlands (A6) | 3 | 3 | |||
Sweden (A7) | 6 | 6 |
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Import | Inc. | Exc. | Energy Import | Inc. | Exc. | Energy Import | Inc. | Exc. | Energy Import | Inc. | Exc. |
Belgium (A1) | 2 | 3 | Belgium (A1) | 2 | 4 | Belgium (A1) | 2 | 4 | Belgium (A1) | 3 | 5 |
Denmark (A2) | 3 | 2 | Denmark (A2) | 3 | 2 | Denmark (A2) | 3 | 2 | Denmark (A2) | 4 | 3 |
France (A3) | 1 | 1 | France (A3) | 1 | 1 | France (A3) | 1 | 1 | France (A3) | 2 | 2 |
Greece (A4) | 6 | 6 | Greece (A4) | 7 | 7 | Greece (A4) | 7 | 7 | Germany (A4) | 1 | 1 |
Luxembourg (A5) | 5 | 5 | Luxembourg (A5) | 6 | 6 | Luxembourg (A5) | 6 | 6 | Greece (A5) | 8 | 8 |
Sweden (A6) | 4 | 4 | Netherlands (A6) | 4 | 3 | Netherlands (A6) | 4 | 3 | Luxembourg (A6) | 7 | 7 |
Sweden (A7) | 5 | 5 | Sweden (A7) | 5 | 5 | Netherlands (A7) | 5 | 4 | |||
Sweden (A8) | 6 | 6 |
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Yüksel, S.; Dinçer, H.; Meral, Y. Financial Analysis of International Energy Trade: A Strategic Outlook for EU-15. Energies 2019, 12, 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030431
Yüksel S, Dinçer H, Meral Y. Financial Analysis of International Energy Trade: A Strategic Outlook for EU-15. Energies. 2019; 12(3):431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030431
Chicago/Turabian StyleYüksel, Serhat, Hasan Dinçer, and Yurdagül Meral. 2019. "Financial Analysis of International Energy Trade: A Strategic Outlook for EU-15" Energies 12, no. 3: 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030431