Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Conducting a comprehensive review of conventional as well as new potential flexible resources located at different levels of power systems including transmission-level, distribution-level (DSO) and customer-level. At each level, the system operator has different responsibilities which make them deploy different kinds of flexible resources in order to enhance the flexibility of the power system.
- Seeking the existing flexibility trading structures of different-level systems proposed by the recent research. The trading structures aim to facilitate injecting flexibility to the DSO-, TSO-, and customer-level networks.
- A newly emerged ICT technology, blockchain technology, is analyzed in this paper and its merits and applications in the flexibility trading are discussed as well.
2. Flexibility at TSO Level
2.1. Flexible Resources at TSO Level
2.2. Flexibilities Related Trading at TSO Level
3. Flexibility at DSO Level
3.1. Flexible Resources at DSO Level
3.2. Flexibilities Related Trading at DSO Level
4. Flexibility at Customer Level
4.1. Flexible Resources at Customer Level
4.2. Flexibilities Related Trading at Customer Level
5. Application of Blockchain Technology in Flexibility Trading
- (1)
- All DR products can be integrated through a single venue, enhancing the liquidity as well as providing a combination of different DR products.
- (2)
- It has the ability to allocate the value of flexibility in a fair manner.
- (3)
- It promotes competitive operation and reduces costs by eliminating centralized entities.
- (4)
- A blockchain-based platform may incentivize users to innovate and extend functionality as needed.
- (5)
- Users can manage their own personal data as there is no need for a centralized entity to take control of their private data.
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AHS | Automatic Home System | FACTS | Flexible AC Transmission System |
AMI | Advanced Metering Infrastructure | FLECH | Flexibility Clearing House |
ANM | Active Network Management | FRP | Flexible Ramping Product |
BES | Battery Energy System | HEM | Home Energy Management |
DER | Distributed Energy Resources | HV | High Voltage |
DLR | Dynamic Line Rating | HVDC | High Voltage DC |
DR | Demand Response | ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
DSO | Distribution System Operator | LV | Low Voltage |
EV | Electric Vehicle | MG | Microgrid |
MV | Medium Voltage | SCUC | Security-Constrained Unit Commitment |
OLTC | On-Load Tap Changing | SCED | Security-Constrained Economic Dispatch |
PST | Phase Shifting Transformer | TSO | Transmission System Operator |
PV | Photovoltaic | WPP | Wind Power Producer |
RES | Renewable Energy Source | WAMPAC | Wide-Area Monitoring Protection and Control |
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Khajeh, H.; Laaksonen, H.; Gazafroudi, A.S.; Shafie-khah, M. Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010165
Khajeh H, Laaksonen H, Gazafroudi AS, Shafie-khah M. Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review. Energies. 2020; 13(1):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010165
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhajeh, Hosna, Hannu Laaksonen, Amin Shokri Gazafroudi, and Miadreza Shafie-khah. 2020. "Towards Flexibility Trading at TSO-DSO-Customer Levels: A Review" Energies 13, no. 1: 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010165