Gas-Wetting Alteration by Fluorochemicals and Its Application for Enhancing Gas Recovery in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gas-Wetting Alteration and Its Effect on EOR
2.1. Gas-Wetting Alteration
2.2. Wettability Alteration
2.3. Gas-Wetting Measurement
2.3.1. Static Contact Angle Measurement
2.3.2. Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble Method
2.3.3. Spontaneous Imbibition Test
2.3.4. Capillary Rise Test
2.3.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique
2.3.6. Streaming Potential Measurement
3. Properties of Fluorochemicals
3.1. Fluorosurfactants
3.2. Fluoropolymers
3.3. Fluorochemical-Modified Nanoparticles
3.4. Morphologies of Fluorochemicals and Modified Nanomaterials
4. Effects of Factors on Fluorochemicals
4.1. Temperature
4.2. pH
4.3. Salinity
4.4. Zeta Potential
5. Effects of Fluorochemicals on Fluids in Porous Media
5.1. Effect on Liquid Saturation
5.2. Effect on Flow Behavior in Porous Media
5.2.1. Detachment
5.2.2. The Transition of the Liquid Bridge
5.3. Gas-Wetting Model
6. Outlook/Future
7. Summary
- (1)
- The liquid-blocking effect occurring during the development of the gas-condensate reservoir has aroused wide attention because of its severe damage; gas-wetting alteration by fluorochemicals could be regarded as a promising remediation approach;
- (2)
- The methods for evaluating the gas-wetting of reservoir rock were summarized; the factors that affect gas-wetting were investigated;
- (3)
- Varying sizes and kinds of nanomaterials can be modified by fluorochemicals, the mechanisms of fluorochemicals adsorption layer with varying surface morphologies were illustrated; the surfaces with more air cavities tend to exhibit stronger gas-wetting;
- (4)
- The flow behavior of the fluids in a gas-wetting pore throat is distinctly different from that in a liquid-wetting pore throat. The wetting regime of the solid surface with gas-wetting might be a complex of the Wenzel regime and the Cassie-Baxter regime.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jin, J.; Sun, J.; Rong, K.; Lv, K.; Nguyen, T.A.H.; Wang, R.; Huang, X.; Bai, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, J. Gas-Wetting Alteration by Fluorochemicals and Its Application for Enhancing Gas Recovery in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 4591. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184591
Jin J, Sun J, Rong K, Lv K, Nguyen TAH, Wang R, Huang X, Bai Y, Liu J, Wang J. Gas-Wetting Alteration by Fluorochemicals and Its Application for Enhancing Gas Recovery in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs: A Review. Energies. 2020; 13(18):4591. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184591
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Jiafeng, Jinsheng Sun, Kesheng Rong, Kaihe Lv, Tuan A. H. Nguyen, Ren Wang, Xianbin Huang, Yingrui Bai, Jingping Liu, and Jintang Wang. 2020. "Gas-Wetting Alteration by Fluorochemicals and Its Application for Enhancing Gas Recovery in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs: A Review" Energies 13, no. 18: 4591. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184591