Highly Efficient Production of DMF from Biomass-Derived HMF on Recyclable Ni-Fe/TiO2 Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. TiO2 Supports and Catalysts
2.2. Characterization Techniques
2.3. Catalytic Tests
3. Results
3.1. Catalytic Activity
3.2. Catalyst Characterization
3.2.1. Temperature-Programmed Reduction Analysis
3.2.2. X-ray Diffraction Measurements
3.2.3. Acidity
3.2.4. FTIR Analysis
3.2.5. ToF-SIMS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | HMF Conversion (%) | Product Yield (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-MF | BHMF | BHMTHF | 5-MFA | DMF | MTHFA | DMTHF | OTHERS | ||
Ni/P25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 69 | 3 | 22 | 0 |
NiFe(8:2)/P25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 8 | 43 | 14 | 2 | 5 |
NiFe(7:3)/P25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 57 | 8 | 10 | 9 |
NiFe(6:4)/P25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 70 | 5 | 4 | 11 |
NiFe(5:5)/P25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 75 | 4 | 2 | 12 |
NiFe(4:6)/P25 | 100 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 65 | 9 | 3 | 11 |
Fe/P25 | 16 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Catalyst | HMF Conversion (%) | Product Yield (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-MF | BHMF | BHMTHF | 5-MFA | DMF | MTHFA | DMTHF | OTHERS | ||
NiFe(5:5)/P25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 74 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
NiFe(5:5)/P90 | 100 | 0 | 2 | 23 | 0 | 40 | 14 | 10 | 11 |
NiFe(5:5)/PC500 | 100 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
NiFe(5:5)/PC500(1) | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Entry | Catalyst | Acidity (μmol/m2) |
---|---|---|
1 | Fe(10)/P25 | 8.7 |
2 | NiFe(1:9)/P25 | 8.3 |
3 | NiFe(2:8)/P25 | 8.1 |
4 | NiFe(3:7)/P25 | 7.6 |
5 | NiFe(4:6)/P25 | 9.8 |
6 | NiFe(5:5)/P25 | 9.7 |
7 | NiFe(6:4)/P25 | 11.1 |
8 | NiFe(7:3)/P25 | 10.9 |
9 | NiFe(8:2)/P25 | 9.2 |
10 | Ni(10)/P25 | 9.6 |
11 | P25 | 7.5 |
12 | NiFe (5:5)/P90 | 6.0 |
13 | NiFe (5:5)/PC500 | 1.8 |
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Przydacz, M.; Jędrzejczyk, M.; Rogowski, J.; Szynkowska-Jóźwik, M.; Ruppert, A.M. Highly Efficient Production of DMF from Biomass-Derived HMF on Recyclable Ni-Fe/TiO2 Catalysts. Energies 2020, 13, 4660. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184660
Przydacz M, Jędrzejczyk M, Rogowski J, Szynkowska-Jóźwik M, Ruppert AM. Highly Efficient Production of DMF from Biomass-Derived HMF on Recyclable Ni-Fe/TiO2 Catalysts. Energies. 2020; 13(18):4660. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184660
Chicago/Turabian StylePrzydacz, Martyna, Marcin Jędrzejczyk, Jacek Rogowski, Małgorzata Szynkowska-Jóźwik, and Agnieszka M. Ruppert. 2020. "Highly Efficient Production of DMF from Biomass-Derived HMF on Recyclable Ni-Fe/TiO2 Catalysts" Energies 13, no. 18: 4660. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184660