Optimal Phase Arrangement of Distribution Transformers for System Unbalance Improvement and Loss Reduction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Problem Description
2.1. Transformer Connection Types
2.2. Transformer Equivalent Load
2.3. The Objective Function for Phase Rearrangement of Transformers
3. Solution Algorithm
3.1. Bacterial Chemotaxis
3.2. Bacterial Reproduction
3.3. Elimination-Dispersal
4. Case Study
4.1. Voltage Profile Improvement
4.2. Unbalance and Loss Improvement
4.3. Convergence Test
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
the equivalent loads for A, B, C phase | |
the A-phase and B-phase loads connected to the neutral wires | |
the single-phase loads connected to the two-wire | |
the three-phase load | |
per unit load at hour t of load customer i | |
percentage of hourly energy consumption over a daily period of load customer i | |
monthly energy consumption of customer i in CIS | |
the number of monthly days | |
hourly real power demand of customer i | |
transformer hourly loading at hour t | |
the number of customers | |
the rate of load growth of the customer | |
the time period of load forecasting | |
The total line loss of distribution feeders at t-th time | |
the status of phase arrangement | |
the total number of branches in the feeder | |
the voltage of i-th bus | |
the admittance of branch | |
the voltage phase angle difference between bus-i and bus-j | |
upper limit of branch current magnitude | |
lower/upper limit of bus voltage magnitude () | |
the neutral line current | |
the maximal valve of current | |
the j-th state value of n-th bacterium at the p-th chemotaxis. is the number of bacterial chemotaxis. | |
the j-th state value of the bacterium, a bacterium combined by J state values into a complete solution | |
The total number of bacteria | |
the tumble direction vector of the bacterium | |
The distance for the bacterium at each step | |
State value of the n-th bacterium after the p-th chemotaxis | |
The fitness value of the n-th bacterium at the p-th chemotaxis | |
The fitness value of the n-th bacterium after the p-th chemotaxis | |
State value of the n-th bacterium after the (p + 1)-th chemotaxis | |
The count of the bacterial reproduction | |
The number of chemotaxis process | |
The number of bacterial reproduction | |
The fitness values sorted after the chemotaxis procedure | |
The count of bacterial elimination | |
The number of chemotaxis |
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Type | Open-Wye/Open Delta Transformer | Single-Phase Transformer | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | B | C | A | B | × | A | × | × |
2 | A | C | B | A | × | C | × | B | × |
3 | B | A | C | × | B | C | × | × | C |
4 | B | C | A | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5 | C | A | B | - | - | - | - | - | - |
6 | C | B | A | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Transformer Type | The No. of Transformer | Total Capacity (KVA) |
---|---|---|
Three-phase | 7 | 3500 |
Open-Y/open- | 10 | 5000 |
Single-phase | 1 | 100 |
Total | 18 | 8600 |
Bus No. | Transformer Type | Original Connected | Phase Rearrangement |
---|---|---|---|
3 | A,B | - | |
4 | A,B | B to C, C to A | |
6 | A,B,C | - | |
7 | A,B | - | |
8 | A,B,C | A to C, -, C to A | |
10 | A,B,C | A to C, -, C to A | |
11 | A,B,C | A to C, -, C to A | |
12 | A,B,C | - | |
13 | B,C | -, C to A | |
15 | A,B | A to C, - | |
17 | A,B,C | A to B, B to C, C to A | |
18 | B,C | - | |
20 | A,B,C | -, B to C | |
21 | A,C | A to C, C to B | |
24 | B,C | B to A, C to B | |
25 | B | - | |
26 | A,B | - | |
27 | A,B | A to C, - |
GA | PSO | BFO | IBFO | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum converged loss (kW) | 1031.12 | 969.09 | 906.98 | 854.80 |
Minimal converged loss (kW) | 695.57 | 677.11 | 667.68 | 659.01 |
Average converged loss (kW) | 869.46 | 826.08 | 761.16 | 730.84 |
CPU time (sec) | 84.81 | 48.67 | 60.82 | 69.94 |
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Tu, C.-S.; Tsai, M.-T. Optimal Phase Arrangement of Distribution Transformers for System Unbalance Improvement and Loss Reduction. Energies 2020, 13, 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030545
Tu C-S, Tsai M-T. Optimal Phase Arrangement of Distribution Transformers for System Unbalance Improvement and Loss Reduction. Energies. 2020; 13(3):545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030545
Chicago/Turabian StyleTu, Chia-Sheng, and Ming-Tang Tsai. 2020. "Optimal Phase Arrangement of Distribution Transformers for System Unbalance Improvement and Loss Reduction" Energies 13, no. 3: 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030545