Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Test and Crop Characteristics
2.2. Thievin System Description
2.3. Experimental Design and Pre-Harvest Sampling
2.4. Harvesting Tests
2.4.1. Machines Performance
2.4.2. Biomass Yield and Characterization
2.5. Post-Harvest Measurements
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Combine Performance
3.2. Baler Performance
3.3. Biomass Assessment
3.3.1. Yield
3.3.2. Bulk Density and Humidity
3.3.3. Biomass Losses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Harvesting Phase | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|
Seed threshing | Combine: New Holland CX840 Thievin system: A and B mode | Combine: New Holland CX8.70 Thievin system: A, B and C mode |
Biomass baling | Tractor: Deutz-Fahr Agrotron M620 Baler: Deutz-Fahr Varimaster 690 | Tractor: Deutz-Fahr Agrotron M620 Baler: Deutz-Fahr Varimaster 690 |
Separate chaff collection | Not performed | Tractor: John Deere 8270R Trailer: Thievin Cortal 240 |
Year | Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plot A1 chaff on swath | Plot B1 chaff spreading | Plot C1 chaff on trailer | Plot C2 chaff on trailer | Plot B2 chaff spreading | Plot A2 chaff on swath | Plot B3 chaff spreading | Plot A3 chaff on swath | Plot C3 chaff on trailer | |
2019 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
2018 | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
Treatment | Theoretical Field Capacity (ha h−1) | Effective Field Capacity (ha h−1) | Material Capacity (t FM h−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | |
A mode | 2.57 ± 0.13 | 2.56 ± 0.01 | 2.24 ± 0.11 | 1.98 ± 0.02 | 13.98 ± 0.13 | 17.27 ± 0.56 |
B mode | 2.71 ± 0.09 | 2.61 ± 0.06 | 2.41 ± 0.10 | 2.04 ± 0.06 | 14.39 ± 0.13 | 17.25 ± 1.13 |
C mode | np | 2.69 ± 0.12 | np | 2.03 ± 0.11 | np | 17.10 ± 0.77 |
Treatment | Theoretical Field Capacity (ha h−1) | Effective Field Capacity (ha h−1) | Material Capacity (t FM h−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | |
A mode | 5.23 ± 0.65 | 4.64 ± 0.31 | 3.46 ± 0.28 b | 3.09 ± 0.13 b | 20.79 ± 0.7 a | 20.20 ± 2.0 a |
B mode | 5.99 ± 0.16 | 4.82 ± 0.09 | 4.05 ± 0.16 a | 3.45 ± 0.10 a | 18.73 ± 0.7 b | 15.09 ± 0.7 b |
C mode | np | 4.93 ± 0.13 | np | 3.33 ± 0.09 ab | np | 19.16 ± 2.5 ab |
Treatment | Fuel Consumption (l ha−1) | Fuel Consumption (l h−1) | Fuel Consumption (l t−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | |
A mode | 4.65 ± 0.91 | 6.21 ± 1.5 a | 16.09 ± 3.36 | 19.13 ± 4.33 a | 0.77 ± 0.15 | 0.94 ± 0.12 a |
B mode | 4.66 ± 0.11 | 2.81 ± 0.64 b | 19.02 ± 1.44 | 9.68 ± 3.87 b | 1.01 ± 0.13 | 0.64 ± 0.23 ab |
C mode | np | 2.43 ± 0.94 b | np | 8.04 ± 2.90 b | np | 0.41 ± 0.09 b |
Year | Theoretical Biomass (FM) | |
---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | |
Total biomass (t ha−1) | 16.76 ± 1.44 | 18.69 ± 1.77 |
Straw (t ha−1) | 7.39 ± 0.73 | 8.33 ± 0.75 |
Wheat ears (t ha−1) | 9.37 ± 0.77 | 10.36 ± 1.34 |
Seeds (t ha−1) | 7.32 ± 0.60 | 8.18 ± 1.06 |
Chaff (t ha−1) | 2.04 ± 0.17 | 2.18 ± 0.28 |
Treatment | Seed Harvested (t ha−1 FM) | |
---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | |
A mode | 6.26 ± 0.19 | 8.15 ± 0.32 |
B mode | 6.04 ± 0.06 | 7.85 ± 0.40 |
C mode | np | 7.87 ± 0.10 |
Mean | 6.17 ± 0.21 | 7.96 ± 0.30 |
Moisture Content (%) | ||
---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | |
Stems | 10.5 ± 0.6 | 11.9 ± 0.8 |
Stubbles | np | 11.1 ± 1.3 |
Ears | 10.0 ± 0.1 | 10.8 ± 0.5 |
Chaff | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.9 |
Seeds | 10.3 ± 0.2 | 9.1 ± 0.1 |
Bales | 9.78 ± 0.4 | 11.0 ± 0.7 |
Seed Losses (t FM ha−1) | Chaff Losses (t FM ha−1) | Straw Losses (t FM ha−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 |
A mode | 1.06 ± 0.24 | 0.04 ± 0.32 | 0.65 ± 0.59 | 0.00 ± 0.66 | 0.78 ± 0.36 | 2.26 ± 0.22 |
B mode | 1.28 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.40 | 2.04 ± 0.0 | 2.18 ± 0.0 | 0.78 ± 0.36 | 2.25 ± 0.22 |
C mode | np | 0.32 ± 0.10 | np | 0.90 ± 0.08 | np | 0.84 ± 0.93 |
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Suardi, A.; Stefanoni, W.; Alfano, V.; Bergonzoli, S.; Pari, L. Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff. Energies 2020, 13, 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071572
Suardi A, Stefanoni W, Alfano V, Bergonzoli S, Pari L. Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff. Energies. 2020; 13(7):1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071572
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuardi, Alessandro, Walter Stefanoni, Vincenzo Alfano, Simone Bergonzoli, and Luigi Pari. 2020. "Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff" Energies 13, no. 7: 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071572