Energy Use and Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production in Serbia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Energy Inputs and Outputs in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production
3.2. Economic Parameters of Sugar Beet and Wheat Production
4. Discussion
4.1. Energy Efficiency Analysis
4.2. Economic Analysis of the Sugar Beet and Wheat Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Input | Quantity Per Unit Area (unit·ha−1) | Total Energy Equivalent (MJ·ha−1) | Percent of the Total Energy Input, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Sugar Beet | Wheat | Sugar Beet | Wheat | Sugar Beet | |
Diesel fuel (l) | 87.38 | 158.26 | 4176.59 | 7564.83 | 19.48 | 28.91 |
Kerosene (l) | 5.45 | 200.13 | 0.80 | |||
Labour (h) | 8.01 | 9.84 | 15.70 | 19.28 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Tractor (h) | 7.25 | 9.10 | 664.01 | 833.83 | 2.81 | 3.04 |
Combine (h) | 0.48 | 0.72 | 42.36 | 63.39 | 0.19 | 0.27 |
Transport (h) | 1.70 | 3.78 | 50.66 | 112.64 | 0.23 | 0.37 |
Machinery (h) | 6.08 | 6.07 | 381.42 | 380.59 | 1.59 | 1.49 |
Nitrogen (kg) | 174.59 | 179.10 | 11,599.50 | 11,899.20 | 50.06 | 39.97 |
Phosphorus (kg) | 38.10 | 62.60 | 480.67 | 778.74 | 2.29 | 3.12 |
Potassium (kg) | 0.19 | 89.44 | 18.89 | 997.26 | 0.10 | 3.61 |
Insecticides (kg) | 6.82 | 6.81 | 153.11 | 689.85 | 0.79 | 2.72 |
Fungicides (kg) | 0.66 | 0.99 | 142.56 | 212.77 | 0.67 | 0.58 |
Herbicides (kg) | 0.64 | 13.99 | 154.31 | 3330.41 | 0.79 | 11.78 |
Water (m) | 0.07 | 1.70 | 0.07 | 1.74 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Seeds (kg) | 303.34 | 16.70 | 4459.10 | 835.17 | 20.94 | 3.45 |
Total energy input | 22,339.00 | 27,848.92 | ||||
Output (kg) | 4321.967 | 48,157.40 | 63,499.60 | 809,044.00 |
Energy Parameter | Average | |
---|---|---|
Wheat | Sugar Beet | |
EI (MJ·kg−1) | 5.84 | 0.93 |
ER | 3.12 | 26.45 |
EP (kg·MJ−1) | 0.21 | 1.57 |
NEG (MJ) | 41,160.58 | 781,195.40 |
Economic Indicators | USD·ha−1 | USD·kg−1 | USD·MJ−1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar Beet | Wheat | Sugar Beet | Wheat | Sugar Beet | Wheat | |
Gross return | 905.51 | 258.13 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Net return | 513.53 | 20.69 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.001 |
Type of Energy | Wheat (MJ·ha−1) | Percentage of Total Energy Input, % | Sugar Beet (MJ·ha−1) | Percentage of Total Energy Input, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct energy | 4177 | 19.48 | 7765 | 29.71 |
Indirect energy | 18,162 | 80.52 | 20,155 | 70.29 |
Renewable energy | 4475 | 20.03 | 855 | 3.07 |
Non-renewable energy | 17,864 | 79.97 | 26,993 | 96.93 |
Total energy input | 22,339 | 27,849 |
Change in Fertilizers’ Prices | Wheat | Sugar Beet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Change in Gross Return | Change in Net Return | Change in Gross Return | Change in Net Return | |
1.00% | 0.73% | 9.16% | 0.36% | 0.63% |
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Dimitrijević, A.; Gavrilović, M.; Ivanović, S.; Mileusnić, Z.; Miodragović, R.; Todorović, S. Energy Use and Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production in Serbia. Energies 2020, 13, 2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092361
Dimitrijević A, Gavrilović M, Ivanović S, Mileusnić Z, Miodragović R, Todorović S. Energy Use and Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production in Serbia. Energies. 2020; 13(9):2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092361
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitrijević, Aleksandra, Marija Gavrilović, Sanjin Ivanović, Zoran Mileusnić, Rajko Miodragović, and Saša Todorović. 2020. "Energy Use and Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production in Serbia" Energies 13, no. 9: 2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092361