The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Effect of Global Warming on Outdoor Temperature in Europe
1.2. Present and Future of Indoor Temperatures in Residential Buildings in a Temperate Climate
1.3. Passive Measures to Prevent Overheating in Residential Buildings
1.4. Passive Measures and User Expectations and Behavior
- Physical environmental: weather, air quality, air temperature and humidity, noise, odors,
- contextual: building archetype, construction, location, window orientation, neighborhood, A/C and ventilation systems and their control, etc.,
- physiological: age, gender, health status, activity level, past thermal experience, clothing, food energy value,
- psychological: attitudes, preferences, values, habits, concerns, expectations concerning thermal comfort, visual comfort, acoustical comfort, health, safety, financial and environmental concerns), cognitive resources (the level of awareness regarding environmental aspects, lifestyle, etc.),
- social: sociocultural norms and practices or cultural background referring to the interaction between occupants, the structure of the decision-making hierarchy related to the control of the internal environment (e.g., the thermostat set point, the opening/closing of windows or blinds).
1.5. Thermal Mass
2. Methodology
2.1. Characteristics of Experimental Rooms
2.2. Materials and Constructions
- Type 1: light residential buildings, rather uncommon in Poland, but growing in popularity in recent years (with walls and ceiling based on a timber frame filled with mineral wool and with plasterboard on the inside—Room L; thermal mass parameter = 152 /()
- Type 2: medium heavy construction (concrete floor with gres tiles, walls—lime sand blocks with gypsum plaster ceiling based on a timber frame filled with mineral wool and with plasterboard on the inside)—Room MH; thermal mass parameter = 474 /()
- Type 3: heavy construction, very common in Polish residential buildings (concrete floor with gres tiles, walls—lime sand blocks with gypsum plaster, reinforced concrete roof with gypsum plaster,)—Room H; thermal mass parameter = 724 /()
- Type 4: very heavy construction, rather uncommon in the residential buildings in Poland which ensure the greatest possible effective thermal mass (concrete floor with gres tiles, reinforced concrete walls and ceiling with no plaster, resulting in a strongly exposed concrete surface)—Room VH; thermal mass parameter = 922 /()
2.3. Measurements
- inside the experimental rooms (air temperature and air humidity),
- outside the building (outdoor parameters: air temperature and global horizontal solar radiation).
- (a)
- 1–30 June (mean outdoor temperature °C; mean maximum outdoor temperature °C),
- (b)
- 23–30 July (mean outdoor temperature °C; mean maximum outdoor temperature °C),
- (c)
- 24 August to 1 September (mean outdoor temperature °C; mean maximum outdoor temperature °C).
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Work Limitations and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assembly | U [W/(m2K)] | A [m2] |
---|---|---|
External wall Room H | 5 | |
External wall Room VH | 5 | |
External wall Room MH | 5 | |
External wall Room L | 5 | |
Internal wall Seminar Room/H | 19 | |
Internal wall Room H/VH | 19 | |
Internal wall Room VH/MH | 19 | |
Internal wall surrounding room/L | 19 | |
Internal wall Room L/surrounding room | 19 | |
Internal wall Hall/Room H | 8 | |
Internal wall Hall/Room VH | 8 | |
Internal wall Hall/Room MH | 8 | |
Internal wall Hall/Room L | 8 | |
Floor Room H, VH, MH | 18 | |
Floor Room L | 18 | |
Roof Room H | 18 | |
Roof Room VH | 18 | |
Roof Room MH, L | 18 | |
Windows triple glazing, SHGC (av.) = | ||
Uw-mounted = /(); Ug = /() |
Material | [W/(mK)] | [kg/m] | c [J/(kg K)] |
---|---|---|---|
Air layer | 1000 | ||
Aerated concrete blocks | 400 | 840 | |
Ceramic brick | 1900 | 880 | |
Concrete screed layer | 1800 | 1000 | |
EPS | 20 | 1460 | |
Floor carpeting | 200 | 1300 | |
Gypsum board | 900 | 1000 | |
Gypsum plaster | 1000 | 1000 | |
Gres tiles | 2000 | 920 | |
Lime sand blocks | 1600 | 1000 | |
Mineral wool | 90 | 1030 | |
OSB | 650 | 1700 | |
PE-Membrane | 920 | 2200 | |
Bucket foil | 980 | 1800 | |
Reinforced concrete | 2500 | 840 | |
Roof covering (asphalt) | 1000 | 1460 | |
Textured plaster | 1850 | 840 | |
Trapez metal sheet | 2500 | 840 |
Authors | Place of Research | Type of Climate | Type of Research | Structural Elements | ΔTmax | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This research | Zielona Góra, Poland | (Cfb-climate) | Experimental | Walls & roof | 2.2–2.6 K (M v. L) 3.6–4.3 K (VH v. L) 2.8–3.5 K (H v. L) | |
Kuczyński & Staszczuk, 2020 | Zielona Góra, Poland | Cfb-climate | Experimental | Walls | 1.5–2.5 K | [37] |
Staszczuk & Kuczyński, 2021 | Zielona Góra, Poland | Cfb-climate | Experimental | Walls & roof * | 1.5–2.5 K | [64] |
Bellamy & Mckenzie, 2001 | Lincoln, New Zealand | Cfb-climate | Experimental | Walls | 3.0–5.0 K | [65] |
Tink et al., 2018 | Leicestershire, UK | Cfb-climate | Experimental | Walls | 2.5 K | [66] |
Jakovics et al., 2015 | Riga, Latvia | Cfb-climate | Experimental | Walls | 3.0–4.0 K | [67] |
Grynning et al., 2019 | Trondheim, Norway | Dfb-climate | Experimental | Floor | 2.5–3.0 K | [68] |
Brambilla & Jusselme, 2017 | Fribourg, Switzerland | Cfb-climate | Experimental | Walls | 1.1–3.0 K | [36] |
Sage-Lauck & Sailor, 2014 | Portland, USA | Cfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | Walls & roof | 1.1 K | [58] |
Jamil et al., 2016 | Melbourne, Australia | Cfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | Roof | 1.1 K | |
Khudhair & Farid, 2007 | Auckland, New Zealand | Cfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | Walls & roof | 2.4 K | [61] |
Vik et al., 2017 | Oslo | Dfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | 1 walls & roof | 3.3 K ** 2.6 K *** | [69] |
Ramaskrishnan et al., 2017 | Melbourne, Australia | Cfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | Walls & roof | 2.5–2.8 K | [70] |
Schossig et al., 2016 | Freiburg, Germany | Cfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | Walls & roof | 1.0–3.5 K | [71] |
Voelker et al., 2007 | Weimar, Germany | Cfb-climate | Experimental (PCM) | Walls & roof | 0.5–4.0 K | [72] |
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Kuczyński, T.; Staszczuk, A.; Ziembicki, P.; Paluszak, A. The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate. Energies 2021, 14, 4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144117
Kuczyński T, Staszczuk A, Ziembicki P, Paluszak A. The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144117
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuczyński, Tadeusz, Anna Staszczuk, Piotr Ziembicki, and Anna Paluszak. 2021. "The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate" Energies 14, no. 14: 4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144117