Sulfonated Polyimide Membranes Derived from a Novel Sulfonated Diamine with Pendant Benzenesulfonic Acid for Fuel Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Novel Sulfonated Diamine (NSDA)
2.3. Synthesis of Novel Sulfonated Polyimide
2.4. Characterization Methods
2.4.1. Spectroscopy
2.4.2. Oxidative Stability
2.4.3. Hydrolytic Stability
2.4.4. Water Uptake
2.4.5. Ion Exchange Capacity
2.4.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4.7. Proton Conductivity
2.4.8. Fuel Cell Performance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spectroscopic Analysis
3.2. Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC)
3.3. Water Uptake
3.4. Film-Forming Ability (FFA)
3.5. Oxidative Stability
3.6. Hydrolytic Stability
3.7. Thermal Stability
3.8. Mechanical Stability
3.9. Proton Conductivity
3.10. Fuel Cell Performance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BTDA | 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride |
DMFC | Direct methanol fuel cell |
FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
IEC | Ion exchange capacity |
NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
NSDA | Novel sulfonated diamine |
NSPAA | Novel sulfonated polyamic acid |
NSPI | Novel sulfonated polyimide |
ODA | 4,4′-oxydianiline |
PEMFC | Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell |
RT | Room temperature |
WU | Water uptake |
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Membranes | WU (%) | IEC (meq/g) | FFA |
---|---|---|---|
NSPI 10 [(NSDA-ODA–10/90) BTDA] | 31.81 | 1.09 | Excellent |
NSPI 30 [(NSDA-ODA–30/70) BTDA] | 32.92 | 1.25 | Brittle |
NSPI 50 [(NSDA-ODA–50/50) BTDA] | 36.50 | 1.31 | Very brittle |
Nafion® 117 | 33.98 | 0.89 | Excellent |
Oxidative Stability (Time) | Hydrolytic Stability (Loss %) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Membranes | τ1 a (h) | τ2 b (h) | Weight | IEC |
NSPI 10 [(NSDA-ODA–10/90) BTDA] | 24 | 38 | 0.98 | 1.08 |
NSPI 30 [(NSDA-ODA–30/70) BTDA] | 28 | 46 | 0.85 | 0.91 |
NSPI 50 [(NSDA-ODA–50/50) BTDA] | 32 | 56 | 0.73 | 0.81 |
Nafion® 117 | 2 | 10 | 1.50 | 1.80 |
Membrane | Soaking Time (h) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Maximum Stress (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NSPI 10 [(NSDA/ODA–10/90) BTDA] | 0 | 2.58 | 159.00 | 19 |
100 | 2.57 | 158.00 | 19 | |
200 | 2.56 | 157.00 | 18 | |
300 | 2.55 | 156.00 | 18 | |
400 | 2.53 | 155.00 | 17 | |
Nafion® 117 | 400 | 0.21 | 50.50 | 24 |
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Liaqat, K.; Fazil, S.; Rehman, W.; Saeed, S.; Menaa, F.; Shah, S.A.H.; Nawaz, M.; Alharbi, W.N.; Menaa, B.; Farooq, M. Sulfonated Polyimide Membranes Derived from a Novel Sulfonated Diamine with Pendant Benzenesulfonic Acid for Fuel Cells. Energies 2021, 14, 6050. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196050
Liaqat K, Fazil S, Rehman W, Saeed S, Menaa F, Shah SAH, Nawaz M, Alharbi WN, Menaa B, Farooq M. Sulfonated Polyimide Membranes Derived from a Novel Sulfonated Diamine with Pendant Benzenesulfonic Acid for Fuel Cells. Energies. 2021; 14(19):6050. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196050
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiaqat, Khurram, Srosh Fazil, Wajid Rehman, Shaukat Saeed, Farid Menaa, Syed Asim Hussain Shah, Muhammad Nawaz, Walaa Naji Alharbi, Bouzid Menaa, and Muhammad Farooq. 2021. "Sulfonated Polyimide Membranes Derived from a Novel Sulfonated Diamine with Pendant Benzenesulfonic Acid for Fuel Cells" Energies 14, no. 19: 6050. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196050