Energy Efficiency and Limitations of the Methods of Controlling the Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Rod under Various Load Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods of Cushioning the Piston Overrun
2.1. Cushioning with Annular Clearance Method (Braking Gap)
2.2. Cushioning with the Orifice Method
2.3. Cushioning Using the Piston Groove Method
2.4. Braking with a Flywheel
3. Valve Methods for Controlling the Movement of the Actuator Piston Rod
3.1. Braking with the Deceleration Valve Method
3.2. Braking through a Throttle Check Valve with an Adjustable Gap Size
3.3. Braking with a Pressure-Controlled Check Valve
3.4. Braking with a Counterbalance Valve
4. Electronic Control Methods
4.1. Braking with a Proportional Valve and Servo Valve
4.2. Braking with a Frequency Inverter
5. Comparison of Methods of Braking Piston Rods
- Actuator type (single or double-acting);
- Type of load acting on the piston rod (passive, active, variable);
- Energy consumption and with the possibility of energy recovery.
5.1. Actuator Type Comparison
5.2. Load Conditions Comparison
5.3. Energy Consumption Comparison
- No negative pressure in the actuator chambers;
- Setup of the elements for the lowest possible energy losses;
- Maximum pressure relief valve setting: 21 MPa;
- Work cycle consisting of the maximum stroke of the piston rod in both directions with the same time needed to change the direction of the actuator.
5.4. Energy Recovery Comparison
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Single-Acting | Double-Acting | Passive Load | Active Load | Variable Load |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cushioning | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Dec | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
FW | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Thr | Yes | Yes | Yes | Meter-Out | Meter-Out |
2W FCV | Yes | Yes | Yes | Meter-Out | Meter-Out |
3W FCV | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
POCV | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
CB | Int | Yes | Yes | Yes | Int or Int/Ext |
Prp/Srv | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
FI | Yes | Yes | Yes | VM | No |
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Stawinski, L.; Skowronska, J.; Kosucki, A. Energy Efficiency and Limitations of the Methods of Controlling the Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Rod under Various Load Conditions. Energies 2021, 14, 7973. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237973
Stawinski L, Skowronska J, Kosucki A. Energy Efficiency and Limitations of the Methods of Controlling the Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Rod under Various Load Conditions. Energies. 2021; 14(23):7973. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237973
Chicago/Turabian StyleStawinski, Lukasz, Justyna Skowronska, and Andrzej Kosucki. 2021. "Energy Efficiency and Limitations of the Methods of Controlling the Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Rod under Various Load Conditions" Energies 14, no. 23: 7973. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237973