Thermal Efficiency of Trombe Wall in the South Facade of a Frame Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- active systems—in which installations and equipment are employed to obtain solar radiation energy;
- -
- passive systems—most often integrated into the structure of an external barrier, which will obtain solar radiation energy without additional equipment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Site
2.2. Design of the Wall
2.3. Research Apparatus
- -
- Values of the global solar irradiance incident on the southern vertical plane (W/m2);
- -
- Values of the heat flux density flowing through the wall, measured on the inner surface of the wall (W/m2);
- -
- Temperature values of: external air, internal air in the chamber, on the surface of the absorber, on the inner surface of the wall and inside the storage layer (°C).
- Pyranometer (Figure 7a): measurement range—(0 to 2000 W/m2), operating temperature range—(−40 to +80 °C), measurement accuracy—(0.1 W/m2);
- Recorder saving measurement data from the pyranometer (Figure 7b).
- Multi-channel recorders (Figure 8a) for recording data from the heat flux density sensors;
- Probes for measuring the heat flux density (Figure 8b,c)—diameter 33 mm, measurement accuracy 6%;
- Temperature measurement sensor (Figure 9)—measuring range (−55 °C to + 125 °C), measuring accuracy 0.5 °C;
- Computer set recording data from temperature sensors.
2.4. Frequency of Data Recording from Experimental Tests
2.5. Numerical Simulations
- -
- convection boundary conditions:
- -
- radiation boundary conditions:
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Results of Empirical Research from the Summer Period
3.2. Results of Empirical Research from the Winter Period
3.3. Comparison of the Results from the Numerical Model with the Empirical Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
G | global solar irradiance (W/m2) |
S | surface (m2) |
T | temperature (°C) |
U | heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2·K)) |
g | total energy transmittance of solar radiation (%) |
h | convection coefficient (W/(m2·K)) |
hr | radiation heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2·K)) |
k | thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)) |
q | heat flux density (W/m2) |
qB | the rate of heat generated per unit volume (W/m3) |
qS | heat transfer due to surface convection (W/m2) |
Greek symbol | |
θ | temperature (K) |
θe | environmental (external) temperature (K) |
θS | body surface temperature (K) |
θr | temperature of the external radiation source (K) |
ρ | density (kg/m3) |
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Bulk Density kg/m3 | Thermal Conductivity W/(m·K) | Heat Transfer Coefficient W/(m2·K) | Total Energy Transmittance of Solar Radiation % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glazing | - | - | 1.1 | 61 |
Steel skeleton + absorber | 7850 | 58 | - | - |
Silicate brick wall | 1900 | 0.9 | - | - |
Thermal insulation | 30 | 0.045 | - | - |
Time Interval h | Average Value of the Global Solar Irradiance Incident on the Vertical Plane W/m2 | Heat Flux Density on the Inner Wall Surface W/m2 | Average Temperature Value °C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Air | Absorber | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 1/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 2/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | on the Inner Surface of the Wall | Air Inside the Chamber | |||
0:00–3:00 | 3.33 | 9.36 | 16.17 | 28.19 | 31.05 | 31.04 | 29.64 | 28.10 |
3:00–6:00 | 24.59 | 8.32 | 14.98 | 26.72 | 29.63 | 29.80 | 28.63 | 27.26 |
6:00–9:00 | 95.54 | 7.23 | 17.18 | 27.59 | 28.57 | 28.60 | 27.55 | 26.36 |
9:00–12:00 | 227.47 | 5.89 | 22.82 | 32.88 | 28.73 | 28.05 | 26.95 | 25.98 |
12:00–15:00 | 279.66 | 5.25 | 24.57 | 41.16 | 30.87 | 28.78 | 27.24 | 26.38 |
15:00–18:00 | 133.43 | 7.63 | 24.52 | 41.59 | 33.76 | 30.84 | 28.58 | 27.33 |
18:00–21:00 | 12.22 | 9.98 | 21.59 | 34.44 | 33.90 | 32.22 | 29.97 | 28.33 |
21:00–24:00 | 3.27 | 10.20 | 18.16 | 30.52 | 32.45 | 31.96 | 30.21 | 28.54 |
average value | 97.44 | 7.98 | 20.00 | 32.89 | 31.12 | 30.16 | 28.60 | 27.29 |
Time Interval, h | Average Value of the Global Solar Irradiance Incident on the Vertical Plane W/m2 | Heat Flux Density on the Inner Wall Surface W/m2 | Average Temperature Value °C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Air | Absorber | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 1/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 2/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | on the Inner Surface of the Wall | Air Inside the Chamber | |||
0:00–3:00 | 3.26 | −0.06 | 17.00 | 25.35 | 26.66 | 26.71 | 26.10 | 25.66 |
3:00–6:00 | 17.84 | −0.95 | 15.82 | 24.45 | 25.93 | 26.11 | 25.55 | 25.07 |
6:00–9:00 | 75.57 | 0.26 | 17.35 | 24.55 | 25.28 | 25.44 | 24.91 | 24.44 |
9:00–12:00 | 202.96 | 4.30 | 22.20 | 26.46 | 25.07 | 24.97 | 24.44 | 24.15 |
12:00–15:00 | 276.55 | 12.45 | 24.97 | 30.42 | 25.84 | 25.09 | 24.51 | 24.46 |
15:00–18:00 | 144.95 | 15.28 | 25.01 | 31.74 | 27.28 | 26.02 | 25.20 | 25.16 |
18:00–21:00 | 9.41 | 8.78 | 22.16 | 29.10 | 27.89 | 26.98 | 26.11 | 25.93 |
21:00–24:00 | 3.31 | 2.52 | 18.85 | 26.74 | 27.52 | 27.22 | 26.51 | 26.17 |
average value | 91.73 | 5.32 | 20.42 | 27.35 | 26.43 | 26.07 | 25.42 | 25.13 |
Month | Average Value of the Global Solar Irradiance Incident on the Vertical Plane W/m2 | Average Value of the External Air Temperature °C | Average Temperature Value on the Surface of the Absorber °C | Average Value of the Internal Air Temperature °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
April | 89.05 | 10.66 | 27.35 | 28.05 |
May | 94.32 | 14.87 | 28.49 | 29.17 |
June | 97.44 | 20.00 | 32.89 | 27.29 |
July | 91.73 | 20.42 | 27.35 | 25.13 |
August | 116.50 | 21.25 | 30.85 | 27.80 |
September | 76.62 | 14.58 | 24.40 | 22.74 |
first stage | 93.61 | 15.17 | 29.57 | 28.18 |
second stage | 95.15 | 18.80 | 27.57 | 25.25 |
Time Interval, h | Average Value of the Global Solar Irradiance Incident on the Vertical Plane, W/m2 | Heat Flux Density on the Inner Wall Surface, W/m2 | Average Temperature Value, °C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Air | Absorber | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 1/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 2/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | on the Inner Surface of the Wall | Air Inside the Chamber | |||
0:00–3:00 | 3.04 | 7.52 | 10.50 | 22.22 | 24.44 | 24.38 | 23.47 | 22.24 |
3:00–6:00 | 3.04 | 6.26 | 10.01 | 21.05 | 23.25 | 23.33 | 22.71 | 21.68 |
6:00–9:00 | 32.13 | 4.69 | 10.23 | 20.66 | 22.21 | 22.34 | 21.97 | 21.20 |
9:00–12:00 | 240.25 | 3.37 | 13.76 | 28.09 | 22.16 | 21.70 | 21.35 | 20.79 |
12:00–15:00 | 342.14 | 3.54 | 16.32 | 37.91 | 24.95 | 22.60 | 21.56 | 20.98 |
15:00–18:00 | 131.09 | 6.60 | 14.89 | 33.55 | 27.86 | 24.91 | 22.92 | 21.84 |
18:00–21:00 | 2.89 | 9.26 | 12.34 | 26.26 | 27.31 | 25.95 | 24.05 | 22.53 |
21:00–24:00 | 2.98 | 9.20 | 11.22 | 23.72 | 25.76 | 25.36 | 24.00 | 22.49 |
average value | 94.70 | 6.31 | 12.41 | 26.68 | 24.74 | 23.82 | 22.75 | 21.72 |
Time Interval, h | Average Value of the Global Solar Irradiance Incident on the Vertical Plane, W/m2 | Heat Flux Density on the Inner Wall Surface, W/m2 | Average Temperature Value, °C, | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Air | Absorber | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 1/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | at a Distance from the Absorber Equal to 2/3 of the Width of the Storage Layer | on the Inner Surface of the Wall | Air Inside the Chamber | |||
0:00–3:00 | 3.16 | −10.56 | −1.74 | 11.87 | 14.89 | 15.91 | 17.55 | 19.28 |
3:00–6:00 | 3.18 | −11.89 | −1.62 | 11.40 | 14.33 | 15.43 | 17.27 | 19.22 |
6:00–9:00 | 17.54 | −12.94 | −1.44 | 11.07 | 13.90 | 15.05 | 17.06 | 19.18 |
9:00–12:00 | 164.22 | −13.75 | 0.18 | 15.77 | 14.02 | 14.86 | 16.89 | 19.14 |
12:00–15:00 | 166.97 | −12.91 | 1.16 | 19.90 | 15.81 | 15.56 | 17.08 | 19.20 |
15:00–18:00 | 12.6 | −10.21 | −0.22 | 15.21 | 16.66 | 16.64 | 17.68 | 19.33 |
18:00–21:00 | 3.00 | −8.96 | −1.24 | 13.21 | 16.00 | 16.68 | 17.87 | 19.34 |
21:00-24:00 | 3.11 | −9.78 | −1.58 | 12.26 | 15.27 | 16.23 | 17.69 | 19.30 |
average value | 46.73 | −11.37 | −0.81 | 13.84 | 15.11 | 15.80 | 17.39 | 19.25 |
Month | Monthly Average Value of the Heat Flux Density | Thermal Energy Consumption during the Heating Season | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
for the Tested Wall | for a Traditional Wall with a Heat Transfer Coefficient U = 0.30 W/(m2K) | for the Tested Wall | for a Traditional Wall with a Heat Transfer Coefficient U = 0.30 W/(m2K) | |
October | 6.31 | −2.79 | −4.69 | 2.08 |
November | −0.26 | −3.63 | 0.19 | 2.61 |
December | −10.60 | −5.14 | 7.89 | 3.82 |
January | −11.37 | −6.02 | 8.46 | 4.48 |
February | −8.73 | −5.59 | 5.86 | 3.75 |
March | −3.76 | −5.46 | 2.80 | 4.06 |
∑ | −28.42 | −28.62 | 20.51 | 20.81 |
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Miąsik, P.; Krasoń, J. Thermal Efficiency of Trombe Wall in the South Facade of a Frame Building. Energies 2021, 14, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030580
Miąsik P, Krasoń J. Thermal Efficiency of Trombe Wall in the South Facade of a Frame Building. Energies. 2021; 14(3):580. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030580
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiąsik, Przemysław, and Joanna Krasoń. 2021. "Thermal Efficiency of Trombe Wall in the South Facade of a Frame Building" Energies 14, no. 3: 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030580