Economic Evaluation of PV Installations for Self-Consumption in Industrial Parks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- No surpluses: This refers to installations where all the energy produced is employed to meet electricity demands. It requires an antidumping system in case surpluses occur.
- With surpluses: Surplus energy will be fed into the grid. This mode is further divided into two subcategories:
- WITH compensation: When surplus energy from the PV system is available, it can be injected into the grid to be valued at the average price of the hourly electricity market and subtracted from the cost of the energy purchased from the grid during the same invoicing period (1 month). In no case can the result be negative. The installed PV power capacity cannot be greater than 100 kW.
- NO compensation: In this case, the surplus will be sold on the electricity market. Additionally, the owner of the installation must register as an energy producer and will be subject to the corresponding taxes. All self-consumption with surpluses that do not comply with the requirements of the previous modality, or that voluntarily choose not to take advantage of it, will belong to this modality.
2. Materials & Methods
2.1. Energy Performance Characterization
- E = energy produced by the PV panels [kWh]
- P = installed power [kW]
- k = power density factor [kW/m2]
- I = hourly solar irradiance on the plane (slope = 15°; azimuth = −40°) [kW/m2]
- ηG = global efficiency of the system (this includes: miscellaneous losses (13%), mean annual temperature losses (8%), and inverter efficiency (95%), and results in 76% efficiency, which equals [19] reference value). Real electricity consumption data were extracted from smart meters and energy bills on an hourly basis for the year 2019. The consumption patterns of the industrial park reached their maximum between 10 h and 12 h (see Figure 2a), showing a second relative maximum at around 17 h. There is a clear decrease in electricity consumption in the summer months (July–August); see Figure 2b.
2.2. Energy Balance Characterization
- Ec = electricity consumption [kWh]
- EPV = electricity produced by the PV system [kWh]
- ESC = electricity self-consumed in the corresponding time period [kWh]
- Esurplus = electricity surplus injected into the grid [kWh]
- Egrid = electricity consumed from the grid [kWh]
2.3. Economic Performance Characterization
- C0 = initial investment costs
- ESC t = electricity self-consumed in the corresponding time period (T) [kWh]
- CEP t = electricity price for industrial customers in the corresponding period (T) [€/kWh]
- EPVR = Energy Price Variation Rate [%]
- Esurp = energy surpluses [kWh]
- CMP = electricity market price [€/kWh]
- CO&M = operation and maintenance costs [€]
- CR I = equipment renewal costs [€]
- T = time period of the electricity tariff (see Figure 3)
3. Results
- First, the economy of scale will greatly affect the price of the installed kW by favoring larger installations.
- Second, larger installations will inevitably cause a greater surplus, which means substantially less income generated than that saved by self-consumption, therefore reducing the profitability per installed kW.
- Lastly, legislation limits the possibility of self-consuming the produced energy among the consumers connected to the same PV plant. This will affect profitability, as larger injections into the grid will reduce the income generated.
4. Sensitivity Analysis
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
PV module efficiency | 19.4 (%) [21] |
Miscellaneous losses | 13(%) [22] |
Inverter efficiency | 95(%) [23] |
Power density factor-k | 0.165 [kW/m2] [19,21] |
Rated Power | Reference Cost [€/Wp] |
---|---|
<10 kW | 1.5 |
10 kW–100 kW | 0.9 |
100 kW–1 MW | 0.75 |
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Pedrero, J.; Hernández, P.; Martínez, Á. Economic Evaluation of PV Installations for Self-Consumption in Industrial Parks. Energies 2021, 14, 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030728
Pedrero J, Hernández P, Martínez Á. Economic Evaluation of PV Installations for Self-Consumption in Industrial Parks. Energies. 2021; 14(3):728. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030728
Chicago/Turabian StylePedrero, Juan, Patxi Hernández, and Álvaro Martínez. 2021. "Economic Evaluation of PV Installations for Self-Consumption in Industrial Parks" Energies 14, no. 3: 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030728