Sampling Primary Power Standard from DC up to 9 kHz Using Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Measurement Set-Up and Characterisation
- One three-phase power calibrator Fluke 6105A/6135A or similar. In this set-up, the essential property is the stability of the outputs and the operating range ( A, kHz).
- Three calibrated shunts Fluke A40B or similar.
- Six calibrated sampling voltmeters Keysight 3458A or similar with a trigger input and aperture waveform output. The 3458A is well documented (e.g., [15]). It limits the maximum voltage to V.
- One utc-synchronised six-channel time-to-digital converter (tdc), e.g., three ni pxi-6683.
2.1. Characterisation of the Shunts
2.2. Voltmeter Triggering
2.3. Time-Stamping Voltmeter Samples
2.4. Latency of the Voltmeter’s Analogue Front-End
2.5. Frequency Response of the Voltmeter
3. Uncertainty Budget of the Basic System
4. Comparison
5. Extension Beyond 21 A and 700 V
5.1. Extension Using Amplifiers
5.2. Extension Using Amplifiers and Step-Up Transformers
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
DC resistance | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
AC-DC difference | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2 |
Combined standard uncertainty | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2 |
Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in rad at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
Phase | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 6 |
One Trigger | Internal | Equally | Predictable | Signal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Event | Clock | Spaced | Timing | Frequency |
per | Sync. | Samples | Maintained | |
sample | yes | yes | yes | yes |
measurement | yes | yes | yes | yes |
sample | no | no | no | yes |
measurement | no | yes | no | no |
Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
Voltmeter (voltage channel) | 5 | 10 | 100 | 150 |
Voltmeter (current channel) | 5 | 10 | 100 | 150 |
Shunt | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2 |
Spread of the samples | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Combined standard uncertainty | 7 | 14 | 142 | 212 |
Expanded uncertainty (95%) | 15 | 30 | 300 | 500 |
Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in rad at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
Phase displacement of shunt | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 6 |
Phase difference of voltmeters | 1 | 2 | 5 | 45 |
Common mode voltage | 5 | 8 | 100 | 900 |
Spread of the samples | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Combined standard uncertainty | 6 | 9 | 100 | 900 |
Expanded uncertainty (95%) | 11 | 17 | 200 | 1800 |
Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
Combined standard uncertainty | 7 | 14 | 142 | 900 |
Expanded uncertainty (95%) | 15 | 30 | 300 | 1800 |
Settings | Difference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase | Voltage | Current | Active | Reactive | Apparent |
Power | Power | Power | |||
180 | 0 | −2 | 3 | 0 | −2 |
150 | 1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 |
120 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 |
90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 |
60 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 1 |
30 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 2 |
−30 | 1 | 2 | 4 | −1 | 3 |
−60 | 2 | 2 | 1 | −4 | 4 |
−90 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −3 | 3 |
−120 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −2 | 1 |
−150 | -1 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 |
Settings | Difference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase | Voltage | Current | Active | Reactive | Apparent |
Power | Power | Power | |||
180 | 2 | 1 | −2 | −2 | 2 |
150 | 2 | 2 | −4 | −2 | 4 |
120 | 2 | 1 | −4 | 1 | 2 |
90 | 1 | 1 | −4 | 2 | 2 |
60 | 2 | 0 | −1 | 3 | 2 |
30 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
−30 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
−60 | 3 | 2 | 4 | −2 | 4 |
−90 | 1 | 2 | 3 | −2 | 2 |
−120 | 2 | 2 | 1 | −6 | 5 |
−150 | 2 | 1 | 0 | −4 | 3 |
Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
Voltmeter (voltage channel) | 5 | 10 | 100 | 150 |
Voltage divider | 5 | 5 | 10 | 100 |
Voltmeter (current channel) | 5 | 10 | 100 | 150 |
Current transformer | 5 | 5 | 10 | 100 |
Shunt | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2 |
Spread of the samples | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Combined standard uncertainty | 10 | 16 | 142 | 255 |
Expanded uncertainty (95%) | 20 | 32 | 290 | 510 |
Source of Uncertainty | Standard Uncertainty in rad at Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 Hz | 400 Hz | 1 kHz | 9 kHz | |
Phase displacement of voltage divider | 5 | 5 | 10 | 100 |
Phase displacement of current transformer | 5 | 5 | 10 | 100 |
Phase displacement of shunt | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 6 |
Phase difference of voltmeters | 1 | 2 | 5 | 45 |
Spread of the samples | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Combined standard uncertainty | 8 | 8 | 16 | 150 |
Expanded uncertainty (95%) | 15 | 16 | 31 | 300 |
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Mester, C. Sampling Primary Power Standard from DC up to 9 kHz Using Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components. Energies 2021, 14, 2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082203
Mester C. Sampling Primary Power Standard from DC up to 9 kHz Using Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components. Energies. 2021; 14(8):2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082203
Chicago/Turabian StyleMester, Christian. 2021. "Sampling Primary Power Standard from DC up to 9 kHz Using Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components" Energies 14, no. 8: 2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082203