Subcritical Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Process Rejects at a Wastepaper-Based Paper Mill with Waste Soybean Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment Section
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Equipment
2.3. Subcritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction (SHTL) Experiment
2.4. Subcritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction (SHTL) Experiment with WSO
2.5. Product Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristic Analysis of the Solid-Phase Products from SHTL with and without WSO
3.2. Elemental Analysis of Solid-Phase Products
3.3. SEM Image of Solid Phase Products
3.4. Characteristics of Liquid-Phase Product
3.5. Elemental Analysis of Oil-Phase Products
3.6. Composition Analysis of Oil-Phase Products
3.7. Simulated Distillation Analysis of Oil-Phase Products
3.8. pH Value of Oil-Phase and Liquid-Phase Products
3.9. Gas-Phase Product Analysis
3.10. Yield and Conversion Rate
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | PRWPM | WSO |
---|---|---|
Proximate analysis (%) | ||
Moisture | 51.06 (0.74) a | - |
Combustible | 45.04 (1.40) | - |
Ash | 4.19 (1.0) | - |
Fixed Carbon | 0.64 (0.02) | - |
Heating value analysis (MJ kg−1) | ||
High heating value of wet basis | 30.52 (0.35) | 40.03 (0.17) |
Low heating value of wet basis | 14.94 (0.17) | 37.01 [21] |
Ultimate analysis (dry basis, weight %) | ||
C | 55.97 (0.20) | 78.69 (0.08) 77.56 [22] |
H | 8.45 (0.01) | 11.65 (0.04) 13.22 [22] |
N | 0.26 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.01) 0.025 [22] |
S | 0.13 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.001) <0.0001 [22] |
O b | 35.19 | 9.2 [15] |
Sample | Temp. (K) | Time (Hour) | Oil-Water Ratio (Oil: Water) | MJ/kg | C | H | N | S | O a | Volatile | Fixed Carbon | Ash |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry PRWPM | - | - | - | 30.52 (0.35) b | 55.97 (0.20) | 8.45 (0.01) | 0.26 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.01) | 35.19 | 90.32 (1.31) | 1.27 (0.04) | 8.4 (2.00) |
Solid-phase products | 573 | 2 | 0:100 | 36.98 (2.43) | 80.68 (0.40) | 11.71 (0.55) | 0.38 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.01) | 7.15 | 92.42 (0.68) | 0.44 (0.05) | 7.14 (0.63) |
573 | 2 | 25:75 | 37.14 (0.17) | 82.67 (0.80) | 12.98 (0.95) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.02) | 4.16 | 98.13 (0.28) | 0.20 (0.49) | 1.67 (0.73) | |
573 | 2 | 50:50 | 37.23 (0.27) | 81.17 (0.13) | 13.50 (0.003) | 0.09 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.006) | 5.21 | 98.65 (0.10) | 0.39 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.10) | |
573 | 2 | 75:25 | 38.04 (0.29) | 79.64 (0.64) | 13.14 (0.20) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.002) | 7.10 | 98.77 (0.33) | 0.56 (0.03) | 0.67 (0.35) | |
573 | 2 | 100:0 | 33.85 (0.20) | 65.00 (0.35) | 6.79 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.004) | 28.03 | 98.94 (1.40) | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.72 (0.06) |
Sample | Oil-Water Ratio (Oil: Water) | Oil -Phase HHV MJ kg−1 | Oil-Phase pH | C | O b | H | N | S | Liquid-Phase pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw WSO | - | 40.03 (0.17) a | - | 78.69 (0.08) | 9.51 | 11.65 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.004) | - |
oil-phase product | 0:100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.14 |
25:75 | 42.02 (0.25) | 4.85 | 63.04 (0.10) | 25.57 | 11.1 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.01) | 4.09 | |
50:50 | 40.99 (0.28) | 4.8 | 72.37 (0.80) | 15.88 | 11.51 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.003) | 4.24 | |
75:25 | 40.74 (0.46) | 5.0 | 73.8 (0.11) | 14.40 | 11.56 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.002) | 0.05 (0.003) | 4.48 | |
100:0 | 38.56 (0.76) | 4.8 | 78.21 (0.14) | 10.04 | 11.58 (0.004) | 0.15 (0.006) | 0.02 (0.008) | ND |
Conc. (ppmv) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Oil-Water Ratio (Oil: Water) | CO2 | H2 | CO | CH4 | Total Volume Yield (L) |
Gas-phase product | 0:100 | 417,918 (58.97) a | 259,497 (36.62) | 29,266 (4.13) | 1981 (0.28) | 2.1 |
25:75 | 469,868 (58.88) | 265,468 (33.27) | 57,179 (7.17) | 5517 (0.69) | 3 | |
50:50 | 489,036 (64.48) | 162,578 (21.44) | 98,751 (13.02) | 8020 (1.06) | 2.7 | |
75:25 | 518,159 (66.04) | 141,219 (18.00) | 117,362 (14.96) | 7928 (1.01) | 2.8 | |
100:0 | 402,315 (72.27) | 18,215 (3.27) | 127,890 (22.97) | 8260 (1.48) | 1.3 |
Oil-Water Ratio | Solid | Oil | Liquid | Gas | Yield | Conversion Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0:100 | 5.86 | - | 88.33 | 0.42 | 94.60 | 35.56 |
25:75 | 7.23 | 21.41 | 67.53 | 0.65 | 96.82 | 20.43 |
50:50 | 4.67 | 40.62 | 44.09 | 0.67 | 90.05 | 48.63 |
75:25 | 4.97 | 62.08 | 20.99 | 0.80 | 88.83 | 45.33 |
100:0 | 0.57 | 97.32 | - | 0.28 | 98.16 | 93.77 |
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Shie, J.-L.; Yang, W.-S.; Liau, Y.-R.; Liau, T.-H.; Yang, H.-R. Subcritical Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Process Rejects at a Wastepaper-Based Paper Mill with Waste Soybean Oil. Energies 2021, 14, 2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092442
Shie J-L, Yang W-S, Liau Y-R, Liau T-H, Yang H-R. Subcritical Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Process Rejects at a Wastepaper-Based Paper Mill with Waste Soybean Oil. Energies. 2021; 14(9):2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092442
Chicago/Turabian StyleShie, Je-Lueng, Wei-Sheng Yang, Yi-Ru Liau, Tian-Hui Liau, and Hong-Ren Yang. 2021. "Subcritical Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Process Rejects at a Wastepaper-Based Paper Mill with Waste Soybean Oil" Energies 14, no. 9: 2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092442