Physicochemical Properties of Torrefied and Pyrolyzed Food Waste Biochars as Fuel: A Pilot-Scale Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Pyrolysis Furnace
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.4. Pyrolysis and Demineralization Process
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. NCV and Chloride Ion Analysis
3.2. AAEM Component Analysis and Removal Efficiency
3.3. SEM Analysis
3.4. Analysis of Heavy Metals
3.5. Analysis of Demineralized Water
3.6. Proximate and Ultimate Analyses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Values | |
---|---|---|
Elements (wt.%, dry) | C | 43.10 |
H | 6.91 | |
N | 3.14 | |
O | 38.45 | |
S | 0.62 | |
Cl | 1.62 | |
Others | 6.16 | |
Moisture (%, wet) | 9.91 | |
Volatile matter (%, wet) | 70.19 | |
Ash (%, wet) | 8.78 | |
Fixed C | 11.13 | |
HHV (MJ·kg−1) | 18.8 |
Metal | Raw | 270 °C | 450 °C | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 min | 20 min | 30 min | 10 min | 20 min | 30 min | ||||||||
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | ||
Cd (mg·kg−1) | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.02 | 0.60 ± 0.02 |
Pb (mg·kg−1) | N.D. | 2.61 ± 0.16 | 2.32 ± 0.17 | N.D. | N.D. | 1.74 ± 0.24 | N.D. | N.D. | 1.51 ± 0.27 | 1.53 ± 0.16 | 2.50 ± 0.37 | 3.01 ± 0.18 | 2.30 ± 0.29 |
Cr6+ (mg·kg−1) | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Hg (mg·kg−1) | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
Sample | Proximate Analysis (wt.%) | Ultimate Analysis (wt.%) | Ratios | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | Volatile Matter | Ash | Fixed Carbon | C | H | N | O | S | FC/VM | FC + VM | C/N | H/C | O/C | |
Raw | 9.91 ± 0.06 | 70.19 ± 0.15 | 8.78 ± 0.22 | 11.13 ± 0.03 | 43.10 ± 0.22 | 6.91 ± 0.43 | 3.14 ± 0.11 | 38.45 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | 0.16 | 81.32 | 13.73 | 0.16 | 0.89 |
270 °C 20 min Before | 3.51 ± 0.06 | 69.89 ± 0.12 | 12.52 ± 0.38 | 14.08 ± 0.24 | 50.31 ± 0.00 | 6.45 ± 0.06 | 4.84 ± 0.89 | 28.44 ± 0.29 | 0.69 ± 0.05 | 0.20 | 83.97 | 10.39 | 0.13 | 0.57 |
270 °C 20 min After | 1.53 ± 0.02 | 74.01 ± 0.27 | 9.39 ± 0.39 | 15.07 ± 0.28 | 53.06 ± 0.28 | 6.65 ± 0.26 | 4.34 ± 0.19 | 26.94 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.20 | 89.08 | 12.23 | 0.13 | 0.51 |
450 °C 20 min Before | 3.30 ± 0.08 | 45.48 ± 0.51 | 25.81 ± 0.14 | 25.41 ± 0.25 | 55.98 ± 0.12 | 4.71 ± 0.07 | 4.22 ± 0.18 | 14.42 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.39 | 0.56 | 70.89 | 13.27 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
450 °C 20 min After | 1.53 ± 0.02 | 48.10 ± 0.21 | 23.12 ± 0.75 | 27.25 ± 1.20 | 59.30 ± 0.00 | 4.82 ± 0.02 | 4.11 ± 0.15 | 13.99 ± 0.37 | 0.27 ± 0.38 | 0.57 | 75.35 | 14.43 | 0.08 | 0.24 |
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Ahn, K.-H.; Shin, D.-C.; Jung, J.; Jeong, Y.; Lee, Y.-E.; Kim, I.-T. Physicochemical Properties of Torrefied and Pyrolyzed Food Waste Biochars as Fuel: A Pilot-Scale Study. Energies 2022, 15, 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010333
Ahn K-H, Shin D-C, Jung J, Jeong Y, Lee Y-E, Kim I-T. Physicochemical Properties of Torrefied and Pyrolyzed Food Waste Biochars as Fuel: A Pilot-Scale Study. Energies. 2022; 15(1):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010333
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhn, Kwang-Ho, Dong-Chul Shin, Jinhong Jung, Yoonah Jeong, Ye-Eun Lee, and I-Tae Kim. 2022. "Physicochemical Properties of Torrefied and Pyrolyzed Food Waste Biochars as Fuel: A Pilot-Scale Study" Energies 15, no. 1: 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010333