Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modelling Process
2.1. Dynamic Modelling of the Hydride Tank
- The gas phase behaves as a thermodynamically ideal gas.
- The solid phase is isotropic and has a uniform porosity.
- There is a thermal equilibrium between the gas and the solid particles.
- The thermophysical properties are constant.
- The equilibrium gas pressure is calculated by the Van’t Hoff equation.
2.2. Experimental Dynamic Tank Characterisation
2.3. Identification of the Physical Parameters of The Model
3. Evaluation of Tank Performances in Healthy and Degraded States
3.1. Hydride Tank Used in a Real FCEV
3.2. Results of the Experimental Dynamic Characterisation of the Tank
3.3. Result of the Identification of the Model’s Physical Parameters
4. Correlation between Tank Degradation and Model Physical Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Physics Constants | |
Porosity of MH | |
Density | |
Hydrogen atoms per metal atom | |
Hydrogen kinetics | |
R | Universal gas constant |
Specific heat capacity | |
T | Temperature |
Heat transfer coefficient | |
Hydrogen molar mass | |
Enthalpy of reaction | |
Entropy of reaction | |
P | Pressure |
C | Constant rate |
E | Activation energy |
Q | Heat flow |
t | Time |
D | Diameter |
L | Length |
V | Volume |
m | Mass |
Mass flow rate | |
Volume flow rate | |
Subscripts | |
a | Absorption |
Equilibrium | |
g | Gas |
s | Solid |
Inlet | |
Outlet | |
Metal hydride | |
M | Metal |
Reference | |
0 | Empty |
w | Water |
Appendix A
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Definition | Equation | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Mass balance for the gas | [27] | |
Mass balance for the metal alloy | [28] | |
Kinetics of the process | [29] | |
[29] | ||
Equilibrium pressure | [30] | |
Experimental equilibrium pressure | [31] | |
Mass of hydrogen | [25] | |
Gravimetric storage capacity | [32] | |
Energy balance | [33] | |
Heat exchanged | [25] |
Parameter | Healthy State | Degraded State | Variation (%) | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pabs | 3.06 | 3.77 | 23.2 | bar |
Pdes | 1.47 | 2.26 | 53.7 | bar |
Hysteresis | 0.75 | 0.51 | −32 | |
Temperature | 21 | 21 | 0 | C |
Concentration | 1.52 | 0.81 | −47.4 | % |
Parameters | Range | State | (%) | Units | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Degraded | ||||
[0.2, 0.7] | 0.5021 | 0.3553 | 29.3 | - | |
[40, 70] | 58.020 | 43.858 | 24.4 | 1/s | |
[20, 22] | 20.989 | 20.681 | 1.4 | kJ/mol | |
[7, 10] | 9.970 | 7.996 | 19.8 | 1/s | |
[15, 20] | 16.510 | 16.193 | 1.9 | kJ/mol | |
[8400, 8600] | 8473 | 8446 | 0.31 | kg/m3 | |
[6000, 36,000] | −31,660 | −6753 | 78.5 | J/mol | |
[6000, 36,000] | 31,800 | 13,856 | 56.4 | J/mol | |
Simulation error | <2.5 | 1.8095 | 1.503 | - | % |
Absorption | Desorption | Simulation Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg/m3) | (J/mol) | (kg/m3) | (J/mol) | |||
8470 | 0.45 | 30,000 | 8470 | 0.45 | 30,000 | G1 |
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
0.40 | 30,000 | 0.40 | 30,000 | G2 | ||
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
0.35 | 30,000 | 0.35 | 30,000 | G3 | ||
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
8460 | 0.45 | 30,000 | 8460 | 0.45 | 30,000 | G4 |
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
0.40 | 30,000 | 0.40 | 30,000 | G5 | ||
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
0.35 | 30,000 | 0.35 | 30,000 | G6 | ||
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
8450 | 0.45 | 30,000 | 8450 | 0.45 | 30,000 | G7 |
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
0.40 | 30,000 | 0.40 | 30,000 | G8 | ||
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 | |||||
0.35 | 30,000 | 0.35 | 30,000 | G9 | ||
20,000 | 22,000 | |||||
10,000 | 14,000 |
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Suárez, S.H.; Chabane, D.; N’Diaye, A.; Ait-Amirat, Y.; Elkedim, O.; Djerdir, A. Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Energies 2022, 15, 3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103484
Suárez SH, Chabane D, N’Diaye A, Ait-Amirat Y, Elkedim O, Djerdir A. Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Energies. 2022; 15(10):3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103484
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuárez, Santiago Hernán, Djafar Chabane, Abdoul N’Diaye, Youcef Ait-Amirat, Omar Elkedim, and Abdesslem Djerdir. 2022. "Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle" Energies 15, no. 10: 3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103484