Thermal Network Model for an Assessment of Summer Indoor Comfort in a Naturally Ventilated Residential Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The 5R1C Model
2.2. Indoor Comfort
- thermal conditions within a given zone are controlled by occupants through windows opening and closing;
- heating system is switched off;
- mechanical cooling system is not installed;
- metabolic rates of occupants are between 1.0 met and 1.3 met;
- occupants’ clothing resistance is between 0.5 clo and 1.0 clo;
- prevailing mean outdoor temperature is between 10 °C and 33.5 °C.
2.3. Case Building
2.4. Simulations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Running Mean Outdoor Air Temperature
3.2. Indoor Comfort
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Am | effective thermal mass area, m2 |
Asol | effective collecting area of an envelope element, m2 |
At | area of all surfaces facing a building zone, m2 |
Cm | internal thermal capacity of the considered building (or zone), J/K |
Htr,em | external part of the Htr,opthermal transmission coefficient, W/K |
Htr,is | coupling conductance, W/K |
Htr,ms | internal part of the Htr,opthermal transmission coefficient, W/K |
Htr,ms | coupling conductance between nodes m and s, W/K; |
Htr,op | thermal transmission coefficient for thermally heavy envelope elements, W/K |
Htr,w | thermal transmission coefficient for thermally light envelope elements, W/K |
Hve | thermal transmission coefficient by ventilation air, W/K |
Te | external (outdoor) air temperature, °C |
Te,d | mean daily external (outdoor) air temperature, °C |
Te,d−1 | mean daily external air temperature for the previous day, °C |
Ti | internal (indoor) air temperature, °C |
Ti,C,set | set-point indoor air temperature for cooling, °C |
Ti,H,set | set-point indoor air temperature for heating, °C |
Tm | thermal mass node temperature, °C |
Top | operative temperature, °C |
Top,c | operative comfort temperature, °C |
Trm | weighted mean running outdoor air temperature, °C |
Ts | central node temperature, °C |
Tsup | supply air temperature, °C |
hms | heat transfer coefficient between nodes m and s, with fixed value hms = 9.1W/m2K |
his | heat transfer coefficient between the air node, Ti, and the surface node, Ts, with a fixed value of his = 3.45 W/m2K |
α | weighting factor, — |
αsc | solar absorptance, — |
φint | heat flow rate due to internal heat sources, W |
φsol | heat flow rate due to solar heat sources, W |
φia | heat flow rate to internal air node, W |
φst | heat flow rate to central node, W |
φm | heat flow rate to mass node, W |
φHC | heating or cooling power supplied to or extracted from the indoor air node, W |
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Element | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Htr,w | 10.00 | W/K |
Htr,is | 791.22 | W/K |
Htr,ms | 1151.15 | W/K |
Htr,em | 70.72 | W/K |
Hve | 30.00 | W/K |
Cm | 15.40 | MJ/K |
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Michalak, P. Thermal Network Model for an Assessment of Summer Indoor Comfort in a Naturally Ventilated Residential Building. Energies 2022, 15, 3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103709
Michalak P. Thermal Network Model for an Assessment of Summer Indoor Comfort in a Naturally Ventilated Residential Building. Energies. 2022; 15(10):3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103709
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalak, Piotr. 2022. "Thermal Network Model for an Assessment of Summer Indoor Comfort in a Naturally Ventilated Residential Building" Energies 15, no. 10: 3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103709