Integration Opportunities of Power-to-Gas and Internet-of-Things Technical Advancements: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Background
2.2. The Process of the Systematic Literature Review
3. Results
3.1. Quantitative Results
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- “Internet of things” has a low correlation score with “energy system” even though that was one of the most common terms in all the sources.
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- “Power to gas” has a high correlation with several terms that relate to the technological performance of the process such as “optimization”, “operation” and “improve”. In contrast, it has a low correlation with terms such as “renewable energy”, “flexibility” and “integrated energy system”, which is unexpected as these also describe some of the defining characteristics of this technology. Additionally, it also scores relatively low with regards to terms such as “internet of things” and “energy internet”, which could suggest that P2G literature is not analyzing actively the opportunities with digitization and its network benefits and vice versa.
3.2. Qualitative Results
Emerging (Co-Specialization) Framework | Examples of Key Framework Characteristics | Potential Role of P2G | Potential Role of IoT |
---|---|---|---|
Multi-energy systems (MES) [69] | Integration of different forms of energy: electricity, thermal, natural gas, etc. | Overcoming the inertia of the natural gas grid by incorporating the surplus of electric power and converting electricity to hydrogen or methane | Maximizing operational efficiency by real-time information |
Multi-energy hubs (MEH) [65] | Connecting residential, commercial and industrial energy hubs | Producing gas from electricity to supply the gas equipment when natural gas is calculated at a high tariff | Controlling the MEH and coordinating data and devices for optimal energy management of the whole system |
Smart multicarrier energy hub (SMEH) [66] | MEH with novel technologies for flexibility and supplying multiple economic and environmental demands | Flexibility based on hydrogen production and storage | Communication tool in the IDRP-coordinated hub |
Multi-sectoral energy systems (MSES) [67] | Integration of sectors to increase flexibility | Enhancing the flexibility of the network | Further integration of energy systems by improving their performance with automated responses |
Smart energy system (SES) [64] | Offering energy services by automation and cross-sectoral integration | Integration of renewables, seasonal storage for PV integration, seasonal load shifting, reduction of required reserve capacity | Automatically controlled demand and integrated supply |
Hybrid energy system (HES) [68] | Alignment of the operation of electricity, heating, cooling, transport fuels to improve system efficiency and reduce carbon emissions | Enabling hybrid energy systems by transformation technologies (P2X) | Enabling hybrid energy systems by advanced communication and information systems (IoT, ICT) |
Regional integrated energy system (RIES) [71] | Multi-energy complementation and coordination of multiple energy subjects (source, network, load, storage) | Increasing the resilience of the power system | Real-time monitoring of the appliances, load management and power generation optimization scheduling |
Energy Internet (EI) [70] | A new evolutionary stage of the smart grid by networks for energy sharing, data sharing and service sharing | Integrating power and gas grids, and improving flexibility, stability and reliability, as an energy conversion and storage technology | Playing a crucial role in communication- and service-oriented information networks |
Built environment [72] | Intermediate scale of analysis in multi-level perspective planning (e.g., techno-economic and socio-economic aspects) | Opening new possibilities by combining the temporal and spatial decoupling of supply and demand with an interplay among different sectors in the energy system and multiple energy carriers | Data analytics and the use of robust and scalable computational techniques to respond to technical problems, supporting the emergence of innovative solutions |
Decarbonization, climate neutrality [73] | Transitioning to low-carbon activities | Strengthening the climate action response, extending chains towards the industry | Enabling decarbonization in the area of energy consumption |
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- P2G is an energy conversion technology which could play an important role in the energy network through energy storage and thus support the integration of renewables, providing flexibility for the power grid and temporal and spatial decoupling of supply and demand.
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- IoT is an information and communication technology which could play an important role in communication- and service-oriented information networks by real-time monitoring, control and optimization of demand and supply, supporting efficient energy consumption and data-based system management.
4. Discussion
4.1. Micro-Level Drivers of Co-Specialization
4.2. Meso-Level Drivers of Co-Specialization
4.3. Macro-Level Drivers of Co-Specialization
4.4. Synthesis of Cospecialization Aspects
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- operative, direct technical cospecialization of these two technologies, i.e., how IoT could be used in concrete P2G plants;
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- strategic, competitiveness-oriented cospecialization of these two technologies, i.e., how the operative or MES-level integration of IoT and P2G could be supported from a corporate or policy aspect.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CCUS | Carbon Capture, Utilization or Storage |
EI | Energy Internet |
GT | Grounded Theory |
HES | Hybrid Energy Systems |
ICT | Information and Communication Technologies |
IDR | Integrated Demand Response |
IEDS | Integrated Energy Distribution System |
IGDSM | IEDS-oriented Integrated Generalized Demand Side Management |
IoT | Internet of Things |
MEG | Micro Energy Grid |
MEH | Multi-Energy Hub |
MES | Multi-Energy System |
MSES | Multi-Sectoral Energy System |
P2G | Power-to-Gas |
P2H | Power-to-Hydrogen |
P2L | Power-to-Liquid |
P2M | Power-to-Methane |
P2P | Peer-to-Peer |
P2X | Power-to-X |
PV | Photovoltaics |
RIES | Regional Integrated Energy System |
RWGS | Reversed Water Gas Shift |
SCADA | Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition |
SES | Smart Energy System |
SG | Smart Grid |
SLR | Systematic Literature Review |
SMEH | Smart Multicarrier Energy Hub |
SOEC | Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cell |
Appendix A
Author(s) | Year | Author(s) | Year |
---|---|---|---|
Xue, Y. [99] | 2015 | Grigoriev et al. [100] | 2020 |
Alanne et al. [101] | 2017 | Ju et al. [102] | 2020 |
Song et al. [103] | 2017 | Tan et al. [104] | 2020 |
Wang et al. [69] | 2017 | Ju et al. [105] | 2020 |
Luo et al. [106] | 2017 | Dou et al. [107] | 2020 |
Luo et al. [108] | 2017 | Wu et al. [70] | 2021 |
Cruz et al. [67] | 2018 | Ahmad et al. [109] | 2021 |
Paiho et al. [110] | 2018 | Wang et al. [71] | 2021 |
Tronchin et al. [72] | 2018 | Ramsebner et al. [68] | 2021 |
Koirala et al. [111] | 2018 | Hoang et al. [112] | 2021 |
Cao et al. [113] | 2018 | Saeed et al. [114] | 2021 |
Andoni et al. [115] | 2019 | Yang et al. [116] | 2021 |
Salehi et al. [65] | 2019 | Chen et al. [117] | 2021 |
Yang et al. [118] | 2019 | Feng et al. [119] | 2021 |
Cheng et al. [120] | 2019 | Agabalaye-Rahvar et al. [66] | 2021 |
Piacentino et al. [121] | 2019 | Ding et al. [122] | 2022 |
Qu et al. [123] | 2019 | Zhu et al. [124] | 2022 |
Zhang, X. and Yu, T. [125] | 2019 | Razmjoo et al. [126] | 2022 |
Ju et al. [127] | 2019 | Erixno et al. [128] | 2022 |
Nolting et al. [64] | 2019 | Elavarasan et al. [73] | 2022 |
Zheng et al. [129] | 2020 | Wang et al. [130] | 2022 |
Cambini et al. [131] | 2020 | Xu et al. [132] | 2022 |
Dranka et al. [133] | 2020 | Shen et al. [134] | 2022 |
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Time of Implementation | Criterion | Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|---|---|
Before the literature search | Publication | Journals ranked Q1 in the “energy” field of the Scimago database | Lower ranked journals in the same category Journals in any other field |
Literature search | Language | English | All other languages |
Literature search | Date | Between 2010 and February 2022 | Published before 2010 |
Literature search | Article type | Research and review articles | Other types of articles, such as short communications, editorial or correspondence |
Quality assessment | Focus | Relationship between IoT and P2G (primary keywords: “Internet of Things/IoT, “Power-to-gas/PtG/P2G”; moreover, to integrate studies with relevant content but other terms, secondary keywords: “energy internet”, “internet of energy”, “power-to-X”, “power-to-methane”, their other versions and abbreviations) | Irrelevant for research question |
Research Phases | Research Goal | SLR Steps | Main Tasks | Coding | Methodological Goal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I. | Exploring the IoT- and P2G-related literature | 1–4 | Preparation, protocol development, literature search and screening | - | Establishing methodological consistency and data collection |
II. | Analyzing the IoT- and P2G-related literature | 5–6 | Qualitative coding | Open | Finding relevant data |
Preparation for quantitative analysis | |||||
7 | Quantitative text analyses and qualitative coding | Axial | Finding initial patterns in the data | ||
III. | Finding strategic co-specialization opportunities for P2G and IoT | Qualitative re-coding, comparison to other literature results | Selective | Conceptual synthesis of the results and discussion from overlooked aspects |
Level | Micro | Meso | Macro |
---|---|---|---|
Cospecialization perspective | Technology | Techno-economic system | Strategy |
Cospecialization goal | Direct technical integration, optimization | Multi-energy system design and efficient system management | Competitive advantage and socio-environmental contribution |
Cospecialization subject 1 | P2G | Integrated P2G and IoT applications or other sub-system | Corporate Strategies and Risk Management |
Cospecialization subject 2 | IoT | Other sub-systems | National/International Strategies and Regulations |
Examples from the P2G- and IoT-related literature | - | [64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72] | [73] |
Examples for P2G- and IoT-related future research areas | Cost-reduction or improved payback time, energy efficiency, reducing uncertainties, optimizing operation with auxiliary equipment | System-wide and multidirectional data flows, pricing mechanisms, decision-making protocols, open innovation, operations and risk management of the complex systems | Policy incentives and soci-economic contribution of innovators |
Cospecializing actors | Technology developers (engineers) | System integrators (engineers and economists) | Strategists of corporations and policymakers |
Structure of cospecialization (open innovation) | Individual projects (e.g., with engineering teams) | Strategic partnerships (e.g., with companies of the electricity and gas sector) | Inter-organizational networks (e.g., with state administration) |
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Magyari, J.; Hegedüs, K.; Sinóros-Szabó, B. Integration Opportunities of Power-to-Gas and Internet-of-Things Technical Advancements: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies 2022, 15, 6999. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196999
Magyari J, Hegedüs K, Sinóros-Szabó B. Integration Opportunities of Power-to-Gas and Internet-of-Things Technical Advancements: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies. 2022; 15(19):6999. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196999
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagyari, József, Krisztina Hegedüs, and Botond Sinóros-Szabó. 2022. "Integration Opportunities of Power-to-Gas and Internet-of-Things Technical Advancements: A Systematic Literature Review" Energies 15, no. 19: 6999. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196999