Comprehensive Analysis of Transient Overvoltage Phenomena for Metal-Oxide Varistor Surge Arrester in LCC-HVDC Transmission System with Special Protection Scheme
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Power System and LCC-HVDC Configuration
3. Metal-Oxide Varistor (MOV) Surge Arrester
4. Procedure of Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) Surge Arrester Selection for LCC-HVDC System
4.1. Power System Analysis
4.2. Fault Scenario Study
4.3. Investigation of Slow-Front Transient Overvoltage
4.4. Equivalent Network
4.5. Detailed Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) Study
4.6. Classification of Violation Cases
4.7. Determination of Metal-Oxide Resistor Stack
5. Simulation Results
5.1. Screening Study Results
5.2. Detailed Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) Study Results
5.2.1. Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) Simulation Time Step
5.2.2. Special Protection System (SPS) Signal Transfer Delay
5.2.3. AC Filter Open Time
5.2.4. Interface Transformer Tap Changer Status
5.2.5. Generator Operation and LCC-HVDC System Operation Conditions
5.3. Discussion
- EMT simulation time step does not affect a significant TOV variation;
- SPS signal transfer time delay affects TOV’s pattern and duration variation;
- AC filter mechanical switch open time delay affects TOV’s pattern and duration variation and is a significant impact factor;
- Interface transformer tap changer status affects TOV’s peak value and duration variation and the correlation is proportional; and
- generator operation and LCC-HVDC system operation conditions affects TOV’s peak value variation and is a significant impact factor.
6. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Xu, Z.; Voloh, I.; Khanbeigi, M. Evaluating The Impact of Increasing System Fault Currents on Protection. In Proceedings of the 70th Annual Conf. for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE), College Station, TX, USA, 3–6 April 2017; pp. 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Alam, M.S.; Abido, M.A.Y.; El-Amin, I. Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Energies 2018, 11, 1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keller, J.; Kroposki, B. Understanding Fault Characteristics of Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources; Technical Report NREL/TP-550-46698; National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): Golden, CO, USA, 2007.
- Adnan, A.Z.; Yusoff, M.E.; Hashim, H. Analysis on the Impact of Renewable Energy to Power System Fault Level. Ind. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 2018, 11, 652–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X. Fault Current Negative Contribution Method for Inverter-Based Distributed Generators Under Grid Unbalanced Fault. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 220807–220815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boljevicm, S.; Conlon, M.F. The Contribution to Distribution Network Short-Circuit Current Level From The Connection of Distributed Generation. In Proceedings of the 43rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, Padua, Italy, 1–4 September 2008; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Rahimi, S.; Wiechowski, W.; Randrup, M.; Ostergaard, J.; Nielsen, A.H. Identification of Problems when Using Long High Voltage AC Cable in Transmission System II: Resonance & Harmonic Resonance. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, 21–24 April 2008; pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Advanced Transmission Technologies; Technical Report; United States Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; p. 20585.
- Soland, M.; Loosli, S.; Koch, J.; Christ, O. Acceptance Among Residential Electricity Consumers Regarding Scenarios of A Transformed Energy System in Switzerland—A Focus Group Study. Energy Effic. 2018, 11, 1673–1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maarten, W. The Research Agenda on Social Acceptance of Distributed Generation in Smart Grids: Renewable as Common Pool Resources. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 822–835. [Google Scholar]
- Maarten, W. Social Acceptance, Lost Objects, And Obsession with The “Public”—The Pressing Need for Enhanced Conceptual And Methodological Rigor. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2019, 48, 269–276. [Google Scholar]
- Harrouz, A.; Belatrache, D.; Boulal, K.; Colak, I.; Kayisli, K. Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy dedicated to Electric Production. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), Glasgow, UK, 27–30 September 2020; pp. 283–288. [Google Scholar]
- Zaunbrecher, B.; Ziefle, M. Social Acceptance and Its Role for Planning Technology Infrastructure—A Position Paper, Taking Wind Power Plants as an Example. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems, Lisbon, Portugal, 20–22 May 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, G.; Li, Y. Current Status and Key Issues of HVDC Transmission Research: A Brief Review. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Mechatronics and Industrial Informatics (ISMII), Zhuhai, China, 22–24 January 2021; pp. 16–19. [Google Scholar]
- Tosatto, A.; Weckesser, T.; Chatzivasileiadis, S. Market Integration of HVDC Lines: Internalizing HVDC Losses in Market Clearing. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2020, 35, 451–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Tang, G.; He, Z. Comprehensive Evaluation of VSC-HVDC Transmission Based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, Nanjing, China, 6–9 April 2008; pp. 2207–2211. [Google Scholar]
- Ayo, A.M.; Ríos, M.A. Alternatives of Development of SINEA Project in VSC-HVDC. In Proceedings of the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), Chicago, IL, USA, 12–15 October 2020; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Assessing HVDC Transmission for Impacts of Non-Dispatchable Generation; Technical Report; United States Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2018; p. 20585.
- Alassi, A.; Bañales, S.; Ellabban, O.; Adam, G.; MacIver, C. HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 112, 530–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okba, M.H.; Saied, M.H.; Mostafa, M.Z.; Abdel-Moneim, T.M. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission—A Review, Part I. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Energytech, Cleveland, OH, USA, 29–31 May 2012; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Sessa, D.; Sebastian; Antonio, C.; Roberto, B. Availability Analysis of HVDC-VSC Systems: A Review. Energies 2019, 12, 2703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watson, N.R. An Overview of HVDC Technology. Energies 2020, 13, 4342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huq, K.S.S.; Huq, K.R. A Technical Review on High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission. Int. J. Electr. Eng. 2018, 11, 77–85. [Google Scholar]
- Bahrman, M.P. HVDC Transmission Overview. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, 21–24 April 2008; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Bahrman, M.P. Overview of HVDC Transmission. In Proceedings of the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Caracas, Venezuela, 15–18 August 2006; pp. 18–23. [Google Scholar]
- Lluch, J.R. Modelling, Control and Simulation of LCC-HVDC Systems for Stability Studies; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya: Barcelona, Spain, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Oni, O.E.; Davidson, I.E.; Mbangula, K.N.I. A Review of LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC Technologies and Applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Florence, Italy, 7–10 June 2016; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Sharifabadi, K.; Harnefors, L.; Nee, H.-P.; Norrga, S.; Teodorescu, R. Design, Control and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- ALSTOM (Firm). HVDC: Connecting to the Future; Technical Report; Alstom Grid: Paris, France, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, C.K.; Sood, V.K.; Jang, G.-S.; Lim, S.-J.; Lee, S.-J. HVDC Transmission: Power Conversion Applications in Power Systems; Wiley-IEEE Press: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.; Kim, J.-K.; Song, J.; Lee, J.; Han, K.; Shin, J.; Kim, T.; Hur, K. Smart and Green Substation: Shaping the Electric Power Grid of Korea. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 2019, 17, 24–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, S. Calculating the Interface Flow Limits for the Expanded Use of High-Voltage Direct Current in Power Systems. Energies 2020, 13, 2863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, D.; Lee, S.H.; Son, G.T.; Park, J.W.; Baek, S.M. Planning of HVDC System Applied to Korea Electric Power Grid. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 2018, 13, 105–113. [Google Scholar]
- Global HVDC, FACTS Leading Company, KAPES, HVDC Project. Available online: http://kapes.co.kr/eng/business/e_business03.asp#none (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- Buk Danjin–Godeok Link to be Completed by 2020. Available online: https://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurebuk-danjingodeok-link-to-be-completed-by-2020-7621501 (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- Energy and Environment News. Available online: https://www.e2news.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=216872 (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- GE and KAPES Awarded Contract to Complete Final Phase of HVDC Energy Highway. Available online: https://www.energyprojectstechnology.com/ge-and-kapes-awarded-contract-to-complete-final-phase-of-hvdc-energy-highway (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- Zhang, M.; Yuan, X.; Hu, J. Mechanism Analysis of Subsynchronous Torsional Interaction With PMSG-Based WTs and LCC-HVDC. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electr. 2021, 9, 1708–1724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, X.; Hu, J. Sub-Synchronous Torsional Interaction with LCC-HVDC in DC Current Control Timescale. In Proceedings of the 8th Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2019), Shanghai, China, 24–25 October 2019; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, B.; Zhang, R.; Li, R.; Yu, H.; Zhao, G. Subsynchronous Torsional Interaction of Wind Farms with FSIG Wind Turbines Connected to LCC-HVDC Lines. Energies 2017, 10, 1435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piwko, R.J.; Larsen, E.V. HVDC System Control for Damping of Subsynchronous Oscillation. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. 1982, PAS–101, 2203–2211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, C.; Xu, Z. Damping Analysis of Subsynchronous Oscillation Caused by HVDC. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37495), Dallas, TX, USA, 7–12 September 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Damas, R.N.; Son, Y.; Yoon, M.; Kim, S.Y.; Choi, S. Subsynchronous Oscillation and Advanced Analysis: A Review. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 224020–224032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.-H.; Yun, J.-S.; Kwak, J.-s.; Choi, J.-h. Study on Protection System of ±500 kV HVDC System; The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers: Seoul, Korea, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Buk-Dangjin – Godeok Transmitting Power to Cities GE’s HVDC Technology to Power a New Industrial City in South Korea. Available online: https://www.gegridsolutions.com/products/applications/hvdc/hvdc-lcc-bukdangjin-casestudy-en-2019-07-grid-pea-0577.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- Ramadhan, U.F.; Suh, J.; Hwang, S.; Lee, J.; Yoon, M. A Comprehensive Study of HVDC Link with Reserve Operation Control in a Multi-Infeed Direct Current Power System. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.-S.; Kim, G.-D.; Yeo, G.-T.; Kim, K.-S. The Engineering of Converter System for 500 kV HVDC Link Project Between Bukdangjin and Goduk; The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers: Seoul, Korea, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Yun, J.-H.; Hong, G.-Y.; Cho, H.-J.; Koo, B.-J. The Production of Thyristor Valve for BukDangjin-Goduk HVDC; The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers: Seoul, Korea, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Milan, S. Selection of the Surge Arrester Energy Absorption Capability Relating to Lightning Overvoltages. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Turin, Italy, 6–9 June 2005; pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Hinrichsen, V.; Reinhard, M.; Richter, B.; Göhler, R.; Greuter, F.; Holzer, M.; Ishibe, S.; Ishizaki, Y.; Johnnerfelt, B.; Kobayashi, M.; et al. Energy Handling Capability of High-Voltage Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters Part 1: A Critical Review of the Standards. In Proceedings of the Cigre International Technical Colloquium, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 12–13 September 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Font, A.; İlhan, S.; Özdemir, A. Line Surge Arrester Application for A 380 kV Power Transmission Line. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), Chengdu, China, 19–22 September 2016; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Badrkhani Ajaei, F.; Iravani, R. Cable Surge Arrester Operation Due to Transient Overvoltages Under DC-Side Faults in the MMC–HVDC Link. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2016, 31, 1213–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, Y.; Huang, X.; Qiu, P.; Hua, W. Study of Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination for MMC based HVDC. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE 2013), Hangzhou, China, 22–23 March 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, D.; Zhao, X.; Lu, Y.; Qin, K.; Guo, L. Study on Overvoltage of Hybrid LCC-VSC-HVDC Transmission. J. Eng. 2019, 2019, 1906–1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.; Zhu, S.; Li, C.; Zhao, C. The Enhanced DC Fault Current Calculation Method of MMC-HVDC Grid With FCLs. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electr. 2019, 7, 1758–1767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, J.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Song, Y. Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breakers with an Energy Absorption Branch of a Parallel Arrester Structure. Instit. Eng. Technol. 2021, 7, 197–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jonathan Woodworth. Understanding Temporary Overvoltage Behavior of Arresters, 2nd ed.; Technical Report of ArresterWorks; Jonathan Woodworth: Olean, NY, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Surge Arrester Buyer’s Guide Edition 4. Available online: https://library.e.abb.com/public/837fb693e1d19a1dc1257b130057b22a/Buyers%20guide%20Selection%20(C).pdf (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- High Voltage Surge Arresters Buyer’s Guide. Available online: https://library.e.abb.com/public/ba61a5f190bf46fe8676554e0a2e9e4a/Buyer%27s%20Guide%20Surge%20Arresters%202019-10-17.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- IEC 60071-1; IEC International Standard. Insulation Co-Ordination—Part I: Definitions, Principles and Rules. iTeh, Inc.: Newark, DE, USA, 2019.
- Ekstrom, A. Guidelines for the Application of Metal Oxide Arresters without Gaps for HVDC Converter Stations; Working Group 33/14.05; International Council on Large Electric Systems: Paris, France, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Pedro, M.; Pousada, D.; Pedro, A. Impact of Vehicle to Grid in the Power System Dynamic Behaviour. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, H.; Lee, J.; Lee, B.; Jang, G.; Lan, X.; Kim, T.; Jeon, D.; Kim, Y.; et al. Expanding Power Systems in the Republic of Korea: Feasibility Studies and Future Challenges. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 2019, 17, 61–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, X.; Gole, A.M.; Yu, M. A Wide-Band Multi-Port System Equivalent for Real-Time Digital Power System Simulators. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2009, 24, 237–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Gole, A.M.; Wu, W.; Zhang, B.; Sun, H. Development and Analysis of Applicability of a Hybrid Transient Simulation Platform Combining TSA and EMT Elements. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 357–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Y.; Lin, X.; Gole, A.M.; Yu, M. Improved Coherency-Based Wide-Band Equivalents for Real-Time Digital Simulators. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2011, 26, 1410–1417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.; Hur, K.; Lee, J.; Lee, H.; Lee, J.; Jung, S.; Shin, J.; Kim, H. Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Using Real-Time Hybrid-Simulator for Dynamic Performance Test of Power Electronics Equipment in Large Power System. Energies 2020, 13, 3955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- E-Tran Software Electranix. Available online: http://www.electranix.com/software/ (accessed on 20 September 2022).
- PSCAD Automation Library. Available online: https://www.pscad.com/software/pscad/automation-library (accessed on 20 September 2022).
Location | Generator | Capacity (MW) |
---|---|---|
Gas Turbine (GT3) | 185.25 | |
#2CC at 154 kV | Gas Turbine (GT4) | 185.25 |
Steam Turbine (ST2) | 187.15 | |
Gas Turbine (GT6) | 295.45 | |
#4CC at 345 kV | Gas Turbine (GT7) | 295.45 |
Steam Turbine (ST4) | 296.40 | |
#3CC at 345 kV | Gas & Steam Turbine | 422.75 |
Operating Point | Capacity | The Number of AC Filter Injection at Bus 2 & 3 |
---|---|---|
10∼21% of full-rated power | 151 MW∼318 MW | 1 |
21∼35% of full-rated power | 319 MW∼530 MW | 2 |
35∼48% of full-rated power | 531 MW∼727 MW | 3 |
48∼100% of full-rated power | 738 MW∼1515 MW | 4 |
Items | Value |
---|---|
Rated voltage | 288 kV |
Nominal discharge current | 10 kA |
Maximum continuous operating voltage | 230 kV |
Power frequency | 60 Hz |
Long-term insulation class | class 3 |
Power-frequency withstand voltage (Insulation Level) | 450 kVrms |
lightening withstand voltage (Insulation Level) | 1.175 kV |
Switching impulse withstand voltage (Insulation Level) | 950 kVp |
Metal-oxide resistor stack voltage | 5.15 kV |
Items | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Maximum rated voltage | 362 kV | ||
(line-to-line) | |||
Maximum rated voltage | 209 kV | ||
(RMS) | |||
Maximum rated voltage | 295.6 kV | ||
(Peak) | |||
Rated voltage of metal-oxide | 5.15 kV(@100sec) | 5.55 kV(@10sec) | 5.86 kV(@1sec) |
resistor stack | |||
No. of stack | 56 | ||
Total voltage (RMS) | 288.4 kV | 310.8 kV | 328.16 kV |
Total voltage ratio (p.u.) | 1.38 | 1.49 | 1.57 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kang, J. Comprehensive Analysis of Transient Overvoltage Phenomena for Metal-Oxide Varistor Surge Arrester in LCC-HVDC Transmission System with Special Protection Scheme. Energies 2022, 15, 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197034
Kang J. Comprehensive Analysis of Transient Overvoltage Phenomena for Metal-Oxide Varistor Surge Arrester in LCC-HVDC Transmission System with Special Protection Scheme. Energies. 2022; 15(19):7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197034
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Jaesik. 2022. "Comprehensive Analysis of Transient Overvoltage Phenomena for Metal-Oxide Varistor Surge Arrester in LCC-HVDC Transmission System with Special Protection Scheme" Energies 15, no. 19: 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197034
APA StyleKang, J. (2022). Comprehensive Analysis of Transient Overvoltage Phenomena for Metal-Oxide Varistor Surge Arrester in LCC-HVDC Transmission System with Special Protection Scheme. Energies, 15(19), 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197034