Spectral Kurtosis Based Methodology for the Identification of Stationary Load Signatures in Electrical Signals from a Sustainable Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. LUCIA Nearly Zero Energy Building
- (a)
- Solar photovoltaic energy: A part of the electric energy consumption is covered by two photovoltaic generation systems that are installed in the building. One of them is compounded by several photovoltaic modules that are located on the outer face of the double curtain wall in the central area of the southeast side of the building (Figure 2a). This first system (herein called the south system) delivers a rated power of 10 kW. The second system consists of photovoltaic glasses incorporated in two skylights (Figure 2b) above each one of the stairwells in the two communication blocks of the building; therefore, this system fulfills a double function: it provides natural lighting as a part of the roof structure, and it also produces energy delivering a rated power of about 5 kW.
- (b)
- Trigeneration system: There is a biomass cogeneration installation with a nominal power of 100 kWe and about 180 kWt. It is a gasifier that transforms biomass and wood chips, into syngas that feeds some internal combustion engines. The thermal use of the system, when there is a demand for cooling, is completed with the installation of an absorption chiller that allows the air conditioning installation to provide cold.
- (c)
- Installation of air conditioning and ventilation: it is a mixed air-water system with four-pipe fan coils as terminal units that allow to provide heating and cooling simultaneously in different parts of the building. The air is treated in the primary air conditioning system, equipped with a high-efficiency adiabatic heat recovery unit before it is delivered to the different locations inside the building through the fan coils.
- (d)
- Both, the motors of the pumps from the hydraulic circuits and the motors from the fans of the air conditioner, are connected to variable frequency drives (VFD) that allow achieving the maximum efficiency by adjusting the operating conditions to the instantaneous needs. This way, only the required water flow is handled.
- (e)
- Intelligent building management through a supervision, control and monitoring system of the facilities that allow configuring the different elements of the air conditioning and lighting systems for an efficient operation.
- For lighting control, there are light intensity sensors that regulate and adjust the luminosity of the lamps in the workspaces when they need to be turned on. In the common areas, there are also presence detectors to limit the lamp activation to the necessary moments and when the levels of natural lighting are not sufficient.
- For air conditioning, there are thermostats in each space that allow to independently regulate and control the contribution of heath or cold in each room.
- The building is fully monitored in terms of thermal and electrical parameters; it counts with 97 grid analyzers that allow knowing the consumption of each workspace in the facility as well as the energy that is being produced by generation systems located in the building. It also integrates seven thermal energy meters at different locations within the air conditioning installation; temperature sensors in offices, laboratories and common spaces and even a weather station on the roof of the building to know different environmental and meteorological parameters.
3. Methodology
- A spectral analysis, which is in charge of the identification and quantification of stationary frequency components (SFC) in electrical signals and will, in turn, be performed in three stages. First, the SK is used for the detection of SFC in current signals in order to identify specific frequency components that are related to consumption habits in the building. Then, since there are frequency components that are irrelevant to the study, discrimination of non-significant SFC is performed based on characteristics, such as amplitude variability throughout the day, and persistence during working hours. Finally, FFT is performed on the current signal to quantify the SFC detected by the SK.
- A PQ analysis, which aims to assess the impact of SFCs on the smart building network. A PQ analysis is performed with the current and voltage signals to calculate the power consumption and THD associated with the loads inside the building.
3.1. Spectral Analysis
3.1.1. Detection of the SFC
3.1.2. Discrimination of the Non-Significant SFC
3.1.3. Quantification of the SFC
3.2. Power Quality Analysis
4. Experimental Setup
4.1. Description of the Data Acquisition System
4.2. Description of the Experimentation Dates
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Stationary Frequency Components and Loads Estimation
5.2. PQ Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Specification | Value |
---|---|
Voltage ratio | 13.2–20 kV/0.42 kV |
Secondary voltage | 420 V |
Short Circuit Voltage | 6% |
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Romero-Ramirez, L.A.; Elvira-Ortiz, D.A.; Romero-Troncoso, R.d.J.; Osornio-Rios, R.A.; Zorita-Lamadrid, A.L.; Gonzalez-Gonzalez, S.L.; Morinigo-Sotelo, D. Spectral Kurtosis Based Methodology for the Identification of Stationary Load Signatures in Electrical Signals from a Sustainable Building. Energies 2022, 15, 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072373
Romero-Ramirez LA, Elvira-Ortiz DA, Romero-Troncoso RdJ, Osornio-Rios RA, Zorita-Lamadrid AL, Gonzalez-Gonzalez SL, Morinigo-Sotelo D. Spectral Kurtosis Based Methodology for the Identification of Stationary Load Signatures in Electrical Signals from a Sustainable Building. Energies. 2022; 15(7):2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072373
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomero-Ramirez, Luis A., David A. Elvira-Ortiz, Rene de J. Romero-Troncoso, Roque A. Osornio-Rios, Angel L. Zorita-Lamadrid, Sergio L. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, and Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo. 2022. "Spectral Kurtosis Based Methodology for the Identification of Stationary Load Signatures in Electrical Signals from a Sustainable Building" Energies 15, no. 7: 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072373