An Overview of the Socio-Economic, Technological, and Environmental Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Energy Generation from Residual Biomass: A Case Study of Biogas Production in Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Status of Bioenergy Production
2.1. Sustainability of Biomass Resources
2.1.1. Economic Overview
2.1.2. Social Overview
2.1.3. Environmental Overview
2.1.4. Political Overview
2.2. Importance of Residual Biomass Transformation Technologies
2.2.1. Bioenergy Production by Thermal Methods
2.2.2. Bioenergy Production by Biochemical/Chemical Methods
3. Potential Opportunities in Biomass Conversion from Biological Methods
3.1. Potential Biomass Feedstocks in Colombia
3.2. Adoption of Traditional Bioenergy Technologies
3.2.1. Conventional Anaerobic Digesters in Emerging Countries
3.2.2. Alternative Energy Sources from Biogas
3.3. Socio-Economic and Environmental Benefits
4. Challenges and Barriers for Biogas Production in Colombia
4.1. Centralized Residual Biomass Biorefineries
4.2. Techno-Economic Biodigester Implementation Approach
4.2.1. Construction, Operation, and Maintenance
4.2.2. Investment
4.2.3. Limited Experience with Biogas Projects Funders
4.3. Social Acceptance and Technology Adoption
4.4. Research, Development, and Innovation Knowledge Gaps
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
- The deployment of biogas facilities in Colombia with regard to addressing social acceptance, technological advancements, and environmental challenges.
- Conducting further studies to develop more efficient and cost-effective processes for biomass collection, transportation, and processing.
- Carrying out research to identify and evaluate the most suitable waste management strategies for different regions in Colombia.
- Using research findings to inform policymakers and investors about effective and sustainable ways to promote biogas production in Colombia.
- Conducting additional studies on the socio-economic impacts of biogas production to understand its potential benefits and drawbacks for local communities.
- Aiming research efforts at promoting the sustainable deployment of biogas in Colombia, aligning with the country’s broader goals of sustainable development (SDG), and combating climate change.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technology | Definition | Common Fuel Used | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Combustion | The process of burning biomass to produce heat and electricity. | Wood, wood waste, agricultural residues, and energy crops. | [41] |
Gasification | The process of converting biomass into a gaseous fuel, typically syngas. | Wood, wood waste, agricultural residues, and energy crops. | [42,43] |
Pyrolysis | The process of heating biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce a liquid biofuel, typically bio-oil. | Wood, wood waste, agricultural residues, and energy crops. | [44,45] |
Co-firing | The process of using biomass along with fossil fuels, such as coal, to generate electricity. | Wood, wood waste, agricultural residues, and energy crops. However, the fuel used in co-firing is mostly dependent on the type of fossil fuel used. | [44,46] |
Technology | Definition | Fuel Used | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Transesterification | The process of converting fats or oils into methyl esters (biodiesel) by reacting with an alcohol, typically methanol or ethanol. | Lipid-rich feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oils. | [47,48] |
Synthetic Biology | The field of biology that involves the design, construction, and manipulation of biological parts, devices, and systems that do not occur naturally. | Various microorganisms, mainly algae, to produce biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. | [49] |
Anaerobic Digestion | The process of breaking down organic matter in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. | Organic waste, such as food waste, agricultural waste, and sewage sludge. | [50] |
Enzymatic Conversion | The process of using enzymes to convert biomass into a usable form of bioenergy, such as bioethanol or biogas. | Various types of feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic materials, such as agricultural waste and woody biomass, as well as starchy and sugary materials like corn and sugarcane. | [51] |
Municipal Wastewater | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bogotá | Medellín | Cali | Barranquilla | Cartagena | Cucuta | Soledad | Ibague | Bucaramanga | |
Volume per year | 520,684 | 161,236 | 154,518 | 80,414 | 63,550 | 41,597 | 40,722 | 34,640 | 34,533 |
Biogas yield (m3/year) | 27,196,203 | 8,421,626 | 8,070,723 | 4,200,192 | 3,319,307 | 2,172,669 | 2,126,985 | 1,809,293 | 1,803,721 |
Biogas energy yield (TJ/year) | 634 | 196 | 188 | 98 | 77 | 51 | 50 | 42 | 42 |
Livestock | |||||||||
Poultry | Swine | Bovine | |||||||
Total manure (ton/year) | 6,619,942 | 2,745,392 | 83,497,181 | ||||||
Methane yield (m3/year) | 238,317,928 | 115,306,473 | 2,003,932,344 | ||||||
Agricultural | |||||||||
Rice | Plantain | Coffee | Corn | ||||||
Production (ton/year) | 2,078,073 | 310,192 | 859,185 | 912,659 | |||||
Methane yield (m3/year) | 438,888,968 | 233,880 | 4,484,945 | 225,171,298 |
Biodigester Technology | Fabrication Materials | Temperature Requirements | Advantages | Disadvantages | Geographical Implementation | Other Considerations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed dome biodigesters | Bricks | Underground construction. Unaffected by temperature variations. | High biogas production. | More expensive than other types of biodigesters, making them a less cost-effective option. | China | Lifespan: over 20 years if maintenance is guaranteed. Construction time: approx. 18 days. |
Cement | Less maintenance than other types of biodigesters. | Limited capacity when compared to other types of biodigesters. | India | |||
Concrete | Quick and easy installation. | Fragile and can be damaged easily if not handled correctly. | Nepal | |||
Polymers | Constructed with durable materials built to last for many years. | Less efficient than other types of biodigesters. | Uganda | |||
Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics | Suits a variety of applications. | Poor performance in cold climate conditions. | Tanzania | |||
Supports higher gas pressure than tubular and floating drum biodigesters. | ||||||
Self-agitated by biogas pressure. | ||||||
Floating drum biodigesters | Bricks and concrete for digester | It requires warm conditions for its optimal operation. | Cost-effective solution as it requires minimal maintenance. | Fragile and can be damaged easily if not handled correctly. | India | Lifespan: 20 years if maintenance is guaranteed. Construction time: approx. 18 days. |
Metal for drum | Quick and easy installation. | Poor performance in cold climate conditions. | ||||
High-density Polyethylene | High capacity when compared to other types of biodigesters. | Biogas leakages may occur. | ||||
Medium biogas production. | Requires manual steering. | |||||
Tubular biodigesters | Polyethylene | Structures are easily heated due to their thin walls. Built partially underground. | Low-cost solution. | Low biogas production. | South America | Lifespan: 2 years if exposed to the sun. Between 2 and 5 years if maintenance is guaranteed. Construction time: approx. 2 days. |
Poly vinyl chloride | Low-maintenance biodigester compared to others. | Easily damaged by external factors. | Africa | |||
High-density polyethylene | Versatile and easy to install. | Biogas leakages may occur. | South Asia | |||
Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics | Construction with low-cost materials. | Steering not possible. |
Obstacles | Levers |
---|---|
Lack of awareness and education about biogas production | Promoting benefits of biogas production to local communities and stakeholders |
Inadequate infrastructure for biogas production in rural areas | Implementing policies and regulations that incentivize biogas production |
Limited or inaccessible financing mechanisms for small-scale farmers and rural communities | Providing financial support and access to financing mechanisms for biogas production |
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Rocha-Meneses, L.; Luna-delRisco, M.; González, C.A.; Moncada, S.V.; Moreno, A.; Sierra-Del Rio, J.; Castillo-Meza, L.E. An Overview of the Socio-Economic, Technological, and Environmental Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Energy Generation from Residual Biomass: A Case Study of Biogas Production in Colombia. Energies 2023, 16, 5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165901
Rocha-Meneses L, Luna-delRisco M, González CA, Moncada SV, Moreno A, Sierra-Del Rio J, Castillo-Meza LE. An Overview of the Socio-Economic, Technological, and Environmental Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Energy Generation from Residual Biomass: A Case Study of Biogas Production in Colombia. Energies. 2023; 16(16):5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165901
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha-Meneses, Lisandra, Mario Luna-delRisco, Carlos Arrieta González, Sebastián Villegas Moncada, Andrés Moreno, Jorge Sierra-Del Rio, and Luis E. Castillo-Meza. 2023. "An Overview of the Socio-Economic, Technological, and Environmental Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Energy Generation from Residual Biomass: A Case Study of Biogas Production in Colombia" Energies 16, no. 16: 5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165901