Hydrogen-Free Deoxygenation of Oleic Acid and Industrial Vegetable Oil Waste on CuNiAl Catalysts for Biofuel Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Catalyst Preparation
2.3. Characterization
2.4. Fast Pyrolysis Experiments
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Precursors and Catalysts
3.2. Oleic Acid Pyrolysis
3.3. Reaction Pathways
3.4. Vegetable Oil Waste Pyrolysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Ni (%) | Cu (%) | Al (%) | Theoretical Molar Ratios | Experimental Molar Ratios | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | Cu/Ni | x | Cu/Ni | ||||
NiAl | 60.3 | --- | 39.7 | 0.70 | --- | 0.59 | --- |
0.1CuNiAl | 55.3 | 6.5 | 38.2 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.11 |
0.2CuNiAl | 50.5 | 11.5 | 38.0 | 0.70 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 0.21 |
0.4CuNiAl | 44.1 | 20.5 | 35.3 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
Sample | Surface Area (m2 g−1) a | Average Pore Diameter (Å) b | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) b | NiAl2O4 Average Crystallite Size (nm) c |
---|---|---|---|---|
NiAl | 230 | 100 | 0.65 | 2.9 |
0.1CuNiAl | 272 | 85 | 0.67 | 2.7 |
0.2CuNiAl | 253 | 77 | 0.54 | 2.4 |
0.4CuNiAl | 262 | 55 | 0.40 | 2.9 |
Catalyst | Linear Alkanes | Linear Alkenes | Cycloalkene | Ramified Alkenes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Oleic Acid | 1.12 | 20.63 | 6.28 | --- |
NiAl | 4.21 | 40.67 | 2.29 | 0.82 |
0.1CuNiAl | 5.45 | 39.92 | 3.24 | 1.33 |
0.2CuNiAl | 5.52 | 42.15 | 3.29 | 1.22 |
0.4CuNiAl | 7.01 | 42.96 | 3.49 | 0.97 |
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Sabino, J.; Liborio, D.O.; Arias, S.; Gonzalez, J.F.; Barbosa, C.M.B.M.; Carvalho, F.R.; Frety, R.; Barros, I.C.L.; Pacheco, J.G.A. Hydrogen-Free Deoxygenation of Oleic Acid and Industrial Vegetable Oil Waste on CuNiAl Catalysts for Biofuel Production. Energies 2023, 16, 6131. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176131
Sabino J, Liborio DO, Arias S, Gonzalez JF, Barbosa CMBM, Carvalho FR, Frety R, Barros ICL, Pacheco JGA. Hydrogen-Free Deoxygenation of Oleic Acid and Industrial Vegetable Oil Waste on CuNiAl Catalysts for Biofuel Production. Energies. 2023; 16(17):6131. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176131
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabino, Jose, Denisson O. Liborio, Santiago Arias, Juan F. Gonzalez, Celmy M. B. M. Barbosa, Florival R. Carvalho, Roger Frety, Ivoneide C. L. Barros, and Jose Geraldo A. Pacheco. 2023. "Hydrogen-Free Deoxygenation of Oleic Acid and Industrial Vegetable Oil Waste on CuNiAl Catalysts for Biofuel Production" Energies 16, no. 17: 6131. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176131