AAEM Species Migration/Transformation during Co-Combustion of Carbonaceous Feedstocks and Synergy Behavior on Co-Combustion Reactivity: A Critical Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Co-Combustion Process of Carbonaceous Feedstocks
3. AAEMs Migration/Transformation Characteristics during Combustion of Carbonaceous Feedstock
3.1. Detection Methods for AAEMs Migration/Transformation
3.1.1. Online Detection Methods
3.1.2. Offline Detection Methods
3.2. AAEMs Migration/Transformation during Biomass Combustion
3.2.1. The Influence of Inherent Mineral Matter in Feedstock
3.2.2. The Influence of Reaction Temperature
3.2.3. The Influence of Reaction Time
3.3. AAEMs Migration/Transformation during Carbonaceous Feedstock Co-Combustion
3.3.1. The Influence of Inherent Mineral Matter in Feedstocks
3.3.2. The Influence of the Feedstock Blending Ratio
3.3.3. The Influence of Reaction Temperature
3.3.4. The Influence of Reaction Time
4. The Reactivity Characteristics and Synergy Mechanisms of Carbonaceous Feedstock Co-Combustion
4.1. Co-Combustion Reactivity Characteristics
4.1.1. The Influence of the Feedstock Blending Ratio
4.1.2. The Influence of Heating Rate
4.2. Synergy Behavior on Co-Combustion Reactivity and Its Mechanisms
4.2.1. Synergy Behavior
4.2.2. Non-Catalytic Synergistic Mechanism
4.2.3. Catalytic Synergistic Mechanism
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The influence of feedstock types on AAEMs migration and transformation during co-combustion is mainly related to the composition categories (AAEMs and other components such as Si, Al, P, Cl, etc.), chemical forms (water-soluble, ion-exchangeable, acid-soluble, residual, etc.) and contents of intrinsic mineral in binary feedstocks. For instance, Si, Al, and P can inhibit the release of AAEMs, while Cl plays a promoting role. Therefore, the optimization and adjustment of inherent mineral component system (i.e., AAEMs-Cl-Si-Al-P system) in raw feedstock is suggested for actual application.
- (2)
- The increase in combustion temperature will intensify the release of inherent AAEMs, especially water-soluble AAEMs, in carbonaceous feedstocks. On the other hand, it will promote reactions between AAEMs and inert components like Si, Al, and P, leading to the existence of more AAEMs in non-reactive forms such as silicates and aluminosilicates. Therefore, low-temperature combustion is preferred for actual application, which is also favorable for the improvement of energy efficiency, the decrease in energy consumption and NOx emission in the co-combustion process.
- (3)
- For high K and Cl-containing biomass, a higher biomass proportion in blends would result in more AAEMs release during the co-combustion process. Conversely, an increase in coal proportion in blends directly leads to a decrease in the concentration of AAEMs components in the mixed material’s mineral system and an increase in inert component concentration, thereby favoring the reduction or inhibition of AAEMs release.
- (4)
- Reaction time directly determines different reaction stages (such as pyrolysis, char combustion, and ash decomposition) in the co-combustion process of carbonaceous feedstocks. Its impact on the migration and transformation characteristics of AAEMs throughout the entire reaction process is rather complex and has not yet been systematically understood.
- (5)
- The forms of synergy behavior in the co-combustion process of carbonaceous feedstocks mainly manifest in three categories: no interaction (also additive effect), inhibitory effect, and synergistic effect. Generally speaking, the form of synergy behavior during the co-pyrolysis process is inhibitory, which is mainly related to limited heat transfer and the inhibitory effect of AAEMs on the decomposition of volatiles. Subsequently, the form of synergy behavior during the char co-combustion process shows a synergistic effect. Therefore, how to weaken the inhibition effect during co-pyrolysis and enhance the synergistic effect during char co-combustion is important for the actual application.
- (6)
- The synergistic mechanisms of co-combustion reactions of carbonaceous feedstocks can be divided into two categories: non-catalytic synergistic mechanisms related to the excitation and migration of biomass-based free radicals and catalytic synergistic mechanisms related to biomass-based AAEMs catalysis.
6. Future Prospects
- (1)
- In situ characterization for AAEMs migration and transformation is particularly important. However, current online detection methods are only available for characterizing the atomic concentration in the gas phase and cannot determine the specific forms. In addition, in the case of AAEMs migration and transformation in semi-coke, in situ research is even more necessary. Therefore, the development of comprehensive in situ characterization techniques for AAEMs migration and transformation is urgently needed.
- (2)
- Currently, most research on the characteristics of co-combustion reactions is based on TG analysis. This small-scale reactor differs significantly from the parameters of large-scale industrial boilers. Therefore, it is necessary to study the co-combustion reaction characteristics of carbonaceous feedstocks based on larger-scale reactors.
- (3)
- During the combustion process, the migration and transformation of AAEMs not only affect their catalytic effects on the reaction but also alter the physical and chemical structure of the combustion char. Changes in the physical and chemical structure of the char can, in turn, influence the migration and transformation of AAEMs and combustion reaction characteristics. These three aspects are closely intertwined, so designing an experimental plan for systematic research on them is something that needs to be considered.
- (4)
- For actual application, AAEMs migration and transformation during the co-combustion process have positive effects in terms of reactivity promotion and a negative effect in terms of ash-related problem formation at the same time. Therefore, how to simultaneously realize a large amount of AAEMs retention to make full use of its catalysis as well as enable a small amount of AAEMs release to avoid ash-related problems is a great challenge for researchers and the industry. Finding the optimum feedstock and reaction conditions are paramount, and more work should be conducted to this effect in the future.
- (5)
- Ash derived from carbonaceous feedstock combustion is a good choice as a carbon dioxide adsorbent due to its superior physicochemical properties. In future work, researchers could put more efforts towards studying and enhancing the inherent mineral matter on the in situ capture and storage of CO2 released from co-combustion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Literature | Samples | Detection Methods |
---|---|---|
Kim et al. [17] | Coal of different ranks, two types of biomass | MS |
Li et al. [18] | Corn straw, cotton straw, rice straw | CFA + AAS, XRD, SEM-EDS |
Qi et al. [19] | Five types of biomass | CFA + ICP-AES, XRD |
Patrick et al. [20] | Thirteen types of biomass | FES |
Patrick et al. [21] | Willow tree, pine wood | FES |
Wang et al. [22] | Wheat straw | SEM-EDS |
Deng et al. [23] | Wheat straw, corn straw, washed corn straw | CFA + Digestion + ICP-OES |
Zhang et al. [24] | Sawdust | Online ICP-OES |
Wang et al. [25] | Corn straw | XRD, SEM-EDS |
Liu et al. [26] | Corn straw, poplar | LIBS |
Diarmaid et al. [27] | Wood chips, straw, olive | FES |
He et al. [28] | Rice husk, camphorwood | FES |
Liu et al. [29] | Rice husk, camphor wood | LIBS, CFA + ICP-AES |
Zhao et al. [30] | Willow wood, straw | LIBS |
Paulauskas et al. [31] | Cork pellets, straw pellets | CFA + ICP-AES, XRD |
Weng et al. [32] | Wheat straw, grape pomace, branches, rice husk | LIPF |
Zhou et al. [33] | Straw–lignite mixture | CFA + Digestion + ICP-OES, XRD |
Hedayati et al. [34] | Straw, poplar, grass | SEM-EDS, XRD |
Chansa et al. [35] | Corn straw–lignite mixture | LIBS |
Li et al. [36] | Pine wood, straw | FES |
Cao et al. [37] | Wheat straw pellets | CFA + Digestion + ICP-OES, SEM-EDS |
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Jiao, Y.; Tian, L.; Yu, S.; Song, X.; Wu, Z.; Wei, J.; Xu, J. AAEM Species Migration/Transformation during Co-Combustion of Carbonaceous Feedstocks and Synergy Behavior on Co-Combustion Reactivity: A Critical Review. Energies 2023, 16, 7473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227473
Jiao Y, Tian L, Yu S, Song X, Wu Z, Wei J, Xu J. AAEM Species Migration/Transformation during Co-Combustion of Carbonaceous Feedstocks and Synergy Behavior on Co-Combustion Reactivity: A Critical Review. Energies. 2023; 16(22):7473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227473
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Yue, Lina Tian, Shu Yu, Xudong Song, Zhiliang Wu, Juntao Wei, and Jie Xu. 2023. "AAEM Species Migration/Transformation during Co-Combustion of Carbonaceous Feedstocks and Synergy Behavior on Co-Combustion Reactivity: A Critical Review" Energies 16, no. 22: 7473. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227473