Figure 1.
Pictorial representation of overall system.
Figure 1.
Pictorial representation of overall system.
Figure 2.
Stack voltage versus current, and power versus current [
7].
Figure 2.
Stack voltage versus current, and power versus current [
7].
Figure 3.
Characteristics of PV array [
10].
Figure 3.
Characteristics of PV array [
10].
Figure 4.
Topology of SCZEB converter [
12].
Figure 4.
Topology of SCZEB converter [
12].
Figure 7.
The step response for Equation (31).
Figure 7.
The step response for Equation (31).
Figure 8.
Root locus for the SCZEBC converter.
Figure 8.
Root locus for the SCZEBC converter.
Figure 10.
Bode plot for the SCZEBC converter.
Figure 10.
Bode plot for the SCZEBC converter.
Figure 11.
PI Controller.
Figure 11.
PI Controller.
Figure 12.
Block diagram representation of FLC.
Figure 12.
Block diagram representation of FLC.
Figure 13.
Block-diagram representation of ANN.
Figure 13.
Block-diagram representation of ANN.
Figure 14.
Structure of ANFIS.
Figure 14.
Structure of ANFIS.
Figure 15.
Input parameters and the output of ANFIS.
Figure 15.
Input parameters and the output of ANFIS.
Figure 16.
Data-set index for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking, respectively.
Figure 16.
Data-set index for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking, respectively.
Figure 17.
ANFIS structure developed using grid partitioning.
Figure 17.
ANFIS structure developed using grid partitioning.
Figure 18.
RMSE plot for grid partitioning.
Figure 18.
RMSE plot for grid partitioning.
Figure 19.
ANFIS structure developed using Subtractive clustering.
Figure 19.
ANFIS structure developed using Subtractive clustering.
Figure 20.
RMSE plot for subtractive clustering.
Figure 20.
RMSE plot for subtractive clustering.
Figure 21.
Deviations in FIS output and input data for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking.
Figure 21.
Deviations in FIS output and input data for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking.
Figure 22.
Data for the ANFIS 2.
Figure 22.
Data for the ANFIS 2.
Figure 23.
Data-set index for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking, respectively.
Figure 23.
Data-set index for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking, respectively.
Figure 24.
ANFIS structure developed by using grid partitioning.
Figure 24.
ANFIS structure developed by using grid partitioning.
Figure 25.
RMSE plot for grid partitioning of ANFIS 2.
Figure 25.
RMSE plot for grid partitioning of ANFIS 2.
Figure 26.
Deviations in FIS output and input data for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking.
Figure 26.
Deviations in FIS output and input data for (a) training, (b) testing and (c) checking.
Figure 27.
Nominal current discharge characteristics voltage (V) versus time (h).
Figure 27.
Nominal current discharge characteristics voltage (V) versus time (h).
Figure 28.
Nominal current discharge characteristics voltage (V) versus ampere-hour (Ah).
Figure 28.
Nominal current discharge characteristics voltage (V) versus ampere-hour (Ah).
Figure 29.
Pictorial representation of the FIS generated for MIMO system.
Figure 29.
Pictorial representation of the FIS generated for MIMO system.
Figure 30.
Membership function for the variable (a) input voltage, (b) input current, and (c) battery current.
Figure 30.
Membership function for the variable (a) input voltage, (b) input current, and (c) battery current.
Figure 31.
Membership function for the variable (a) SOC, (b) fuel content, and (c) irradiance, respecttively.
Figure 31.
Membership function for the variable (a) SOC, (b) fuel content, and (c) irradiance, respecttively.
Figure 32.
Output variable ‘Duty ratio’ membership functions.
Figure 32.
Output variable ‘Duty ratio’ membership functions.
Figure 33.
Output variable relay membership functions.
Figure 33.
Output variable relay membership functions.
Figure 34.
Rule base of MIMO ANFIS.
Figure 34.
Rule base of MIMO ANFIS.
Figure 35.
Rules generated by grid partitioning of MIMO ANFIS.
Figure 35.
Rules generated by grid partitioning of MIMO ANFIS.
Figure 36.
Surface representation for the variables (a) input current, input voltage and duty ratio, (b) battery current, input voltage and duty ratio (c) SOC, input voltage and duty ratio.
Figure 36.
Surface representation for the variables (a) input current, input voltage and duty ratio, (b) battery current, input voltage and duty ratio (c) SOC, input voltage and duty ratio.
Figure 37.
Surface representation for the variables (a) battery current, input current and duty ratio, (b) SOC, input current and duty ratio (c) SOC, battery current and duty ratio.
Figure 37.
Surface representation for the variables (a) battery current, input current and duty ratio, (b) SOC, input current and duty ratio (c) SOC, battery current and duty ratio.
Figure 38.
Surface representation of the variable irradiance, fuel content and Relay.
Figure 38.
Surface representation of the variable irradiance, fuel content and Relay.
Figure 39.
Correlation between the variables (a) Relay and Fuel Content, (b) Relay and Irradiance, and (c) duty ratio and SOC.
Figure 39.
Correlation between the variables (a) Relay and Fuel Content, (b) Relay and Irradiance, and (c) duty ratio and SOC.
Figure 40.
Correlation between the variables (a) duty ratio and battery current, (b) duty ratio and input current, and (c) duty ratio and input voltage.
Figure 40.
Correlation between the variables (a) duty ratio and battery current, (b) duty ratio and input current, and (c) duty ratio and input voltage.
Figure 41.
Overall simulation figure.
Figure 41.
Overall simulation figure.
Figure 42.
Input voltage in volts during the line regulation.
Figure 42.
Input voltage in volts during the line regulation.
Figure 43.
Input current in amperes during the line regulation.
Figure 43.
Input current in amperes during the line regulation.
Figure 44.
Battery terminal voltage in volts.
Figure 44.
Battery terminal voltage in volts.
Figure 45.
State of charge in %.
Figure 45.
State of charge in %.
Figure 46.
Battery current in Amperes during the line regulation.
Figure 46.
Battery current in Amperes during the line regulation.
Figure 47.
Input voltage from supply in (Volts) during load regulation.
Figure 47.
Input voltage from supply in (Volts) during load regulation.
Figure 48.
Input current in Amperes during load regulation.
Figure 48.
Input current in Amperes during load regulation.
Figure 49.
Battery terminal voltage in volts.
Figure 49.
Battery terminal voltage in volts.
Figure 50.
State of charge in %.
Figure 50.
State of charge in %.
Figure 51.
Battery current in Amperes during the load regulation.
Figure 51.
Battery current in Amperes during the load regulation.
Table 1.
Fuel-cell parameters [
7].
Table 1.
Fuel-cell parameters [
7].
Parameters | Values |
---|
Stack terminal voltage | 45 V |
Operating current of the stack | 133 A |
Maximum current from the stack | 255 A at 37 V |
Total number of cells used in the stack | 65 |
Temperature | 65 °C |
Flow rate of the fuel | 300 lpm |
Utilization of H2 and O2 | 99.56% and 593% |
Exchange coefficient of the stack | 0.60645 |
Table 2.
Solar-array specifications [
10].
Table 2.
Solar-array specifications [
10].
Parameters | Values |
---|
Maximum power of the cell | 840 |
Cells per module | 60 |
Open-circuit (OC) voltage | 64 |
Short-circuit (SC) current | 8 |
OC voltage’s temperature coefficient | −0.36099%/°C |
SC current’s temperature coefficient | 0.102%/°C |
Table 3.
SCZEB-converter design parameters.
Table 3.
SCZEB-converter design parameters.
Components | Values |
---|
L1 | 1.34227 × 10−3 H |
L2 | 9.0447 × 10−5 H |
C1 | 0.0100158 F |
C2 | 8.58473 × 10−3 F |
C3 | 3.87353 × 10−4 F |
C4 | 2.08578 × 10−4 F |
Table 4.
SCZEB Converter Design parameters.
Table 4.
SCZEB Converter Design parameters.
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Table 5.
SCZEB Converter Design parameters.
Table 5.
SCZEB Converter Design parameters.
Parameter | Value |
---|
Settling time | 0.0134 |
Rise time | 0.0017 |
Peak time | 1.3775 |
Settling (min, max) | 0.9529, 1.3775 |
Overshoot | 30.7995 |
Undershoot | 0.2191 |
Zeros | −70,879 |
−51,981 |
−29,791 |
9064 |
−452 + 5214 j |
−452 − 5214 j |
Poles | −111,940 |
−30,340 |
−220 + 4940 j |
−220 − 4940 j |
−290 + 770 j |
−290 − 770 j |
[Gm, Pm, Wcg, Wcp] | [1.1873, 1.9236, 3.2055 × 103, 2.9094 × 103] |
Table 6.
Diode specifications of the converter.
Table 6.
Diode specifications of the converter.
Components | Values |
---|
Resistance Ron (Ohms) Inductance Lon (H) | 0.001 0 |
Forward voltage Vf (V) Initial current Ic (A) | 0.8 0 |
Table 7.
MOSFET specifications of the converter.
Table 7.
MOSFET specifications of the converter.
Components | Values |
---|
FET resistance Ron (Ohms) | 0.1 |
Internal diode inductance Lon (H) | 0 |
Internal diode resistance Rd (Ohms) | 0.01 |
Internal diode forward voltage Vf (V) | 0 |
Initial current Ic (A) | 0 |
Snubber resistance Rs (ohms) | 1.00 × 105 |
Table 8.
Comparative study of GP and SC algorithms.
Table 8.
Comparative study of GP and SC algorithms.
Parameters | Grid Partitioning | Subtractive Clustering |
---|
Number of nodes | 193 | 37 |
Number of linear parameters | 81 | 15 |
Number of nonlinear parameters | 24 | 24 |
Number of fuzzy rules | 81 | 3 |
Training RMSE | 8.28 × 10−6 | 281 × 10−6 |
Validation/Checking error | 9.57 × 10−7 | 1.07 × 10−4 |
Efficiency of algorithm | 99.8% | 94.6% |
Table 9.
Parameters required for SC algorithm.
Table 9.
Parameters required for SC algorithm.
Parameters | Values |
---|
Range of influence | 0.5 |
Squash factor | 1.25 |
Accept ratio | 0.5 |
Rejection ratio | 0.15 |
Table 10.
Battery specifications.
Table 10.
Battery specifications.
Parameters | Values |
---|
Maximum rated capacity (Ah) | 94 |
Nominal voltage (V) | 315 |
Cut-off voltage (V) | 236.25 |
Initial state of charge (%) | 60 |
Fully charged voltage (V) | 366.6559 |
Nominal Discharge current (A) | 40.8696 |
Internal resistance (ohms) | 0.033511 |