Influence of Pre-Chamber Volume, Orifice Diameter and Orifice Number on Performance of Pre-Chamber SI Engine—An Experimental and Numerical Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Experimental Study
2.2. Numerical Study
3. Experimental Setup
Pre-Chamber Ignition System Design
4. Numerical Model of the Experimental Engine
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Experimental Results
5.2. Numerical Results
6. Conclusions
- The indicated efficiency data showed that a larger orifice area (OA) or larger orifice diameter at constant pre-chamber volume and orifice number is more favorable regarding indicated efficiency. Although the larger number of orifices mostly yielded higher indicated and combustion efficiencies which were more pronounced at higher excess air ratios and larger pre-chamber volumes, the overall best performance was obtained with the smallest pre-chamber with four orifices and the largest orifice area, which was most likely the result of the lowest wall heat losses directly affected by the jet protrusion velocity. The highest obtained indicated efficiency was equal to 39%, at an excess air ratio 1.6;
- The THC emission values showed a trend where PC types with a larger number of orifices emitted lower emissions THC emissions, which corresponds with PC types that yielded higher indicated efficiencies. Similar trends can be observed in case of CO emissions. On the other hand, the NOx emissions do not show a clear trend regarding volume ratio and orifice number influence. The orifice area ratio (OA) suggested by the literature yielded the overall lowest emission values. In the case of NOx emissions, the opposite trend was observed, with emission values decreasing with the increase in OA values;
- The numerical analysis of the pre-chamber emission shares showed that when PC volume was lower, PC emission shares of NOX and CO became larger. The influence of orifice number and size had a minor effect on the pre-chamber emissions shares. The maximum PC emission shares of 54.8% and 80.6% were achieved at a lean limit (λ = 2.2) for NOX and CO, respectively. THC emission share, on the other hand, was not affected in a significant manner either by the pre-chamber geometry or by the operating conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Orifice Number n [-] | Volume [mm3] | Volume Ratio VR [%] | Orifice Diameter d [mm] | Throat Diameter Dt [mm] | Orifice Area to Volume Ratio OA [mm−1] | Area to Volume Ratio [mm−1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IN | 6 | 2400 | 4.07 | 1.30 | 7 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
V1 | 6 | 1911 | 3.27 | 1.15 | 5 | 0.003 | 0.010 |
V2 | 6 | 3027 | 5.08 | 1.40 | 9 | 0.003 | 0.021 |
V3 | 4 | 2400 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 7 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
V4 | 4 | 1911 | 3.27 | 1.40 | 5 | 0.003 | 0.010 |
V5 | 4 | 3027 | 5.08 | 1.80 | 9 | 0.003 | 0.021 |
V6 | 4 | 1911 | 3.27 | 1.00 | 5 | 0.002 | 0.010 |
V7 | 4 | 1911 | 3.27 | 2.00 | 5 | 0.007 | 0.010 |
V8 | 4 | 1911 | 3.27 | 2.50 | 5 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
Parameter | Settings |
---|---|
Engine speed | 1600 rpm |
Pre-chamber fuel injection duration | 0.3 ms |
Pre-chamber fuel injection timing | 120 °CA bTDC |
Port fuel injection timing | 190 °CA aTDC |
Excess air ratio λ | 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 |
Spark timing | Sweep limited by combustion stability and knock limit |
Intake pressure | ambient (WOT) |
Intake temperature | 33 °C |
Fuel properties (commercial gasoline) | lower heating value 42.63 MJ/kg; RON 95.4; density 741.7 kg/m3 at 15 °C |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Displacement | 667 cm3 |
Stroke | 85 mm |
Bore | 100 mm |
Connecting Rod length | 127 mm |
Compression ratio | 12.8 (without the pre-chamber) |
Number of Valves | 2 |
Inlet Valve Opens/Closes | 36 °CA BTDC/60 °CA ABDC |
Exhaust Valve Opens/Closes | 54 °CA BBDC/21 °CA ATDC |
Gas | Analyzer | Range | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|
NOX | ECM NOX 5210t | NOX: 0–5000 ppm | ±5 ppm (0–200 ppm) ±20 ppm (200–1000 ppm) ±2% (>1000 ppm) |
λ: 0.4–25 | ±0.008 (at λ = 1) ±0.016 (0.8 < λ < 1.2) | ||
O2: 0–25% | ±0.4 (0 % < O2 < 2%) | ||
THC | Environnement Graphite 52M | 0–10,000 ppm | <1% of measured value at range 15–100% of full scale (FS) |
CO | Environnement MIR 2M | 10–50,000 ppm | Zero drift: <1% FS/24 h Span drift: <1% FS/24 h |
CO2 | Environnement MIR 2M | 100–250,000 ppm | Linearity: <1% for range 20–100% FS |
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Tomić, R.; Sjerić, M.; Krajnović, J.; Ugrinić, S. Influence of Pre-Chamber Volume, Orifice Diameter and Orifice Number on Performance of Pre-Chamber SI Engine—An Experimental and Numerical Study. Energies 2023, 16, 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062884
Tomić R, Sjerić M, Krajnović J, Ugrinić S. Influence of Pre-Chamber Volume, Orifice Diameter and Orifice Number on Performance of Pre-Chamber SI Engine—An Experimental and Numerical Study. Energies. 2023; 16(6):2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062884
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomić, Rudolf, Momir Sjerić, Josip Krajnović, and Sara Ugrinić. 2023. "Influence of Pre-Chamber Volume, Orifice Diameter and Orifice Number on Performance of Pre-Chamber SI Engine—An Experimental and Numerical Study" Energies 16, no. 6: 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062884
APA StyleTomić, R., Sjerić, M., Krajnović, J., & Ugrinić, S. (2023). Influence of Pre-Chamber Volume, Orifice Diameter and Orifice Number on Performance of Pre-Chamber SI Engine—An Experimental and Numerical Study. Energies, 16(6), 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062884