Potential of Pine Needle Biomass for Bioethanol Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Bioethanol Production
2.3. Analytical Methods
- Extractive contents according to the Soxhlet method were determined using 96% EtOH (pure p.a.; POCH, Poland) (TAPPI–T204 cm-07) [19].
- Cellulose content was determined by the Seifert method with a mixture of acetylacetone (pure p.a.; POCH, Poland) and dioxane (pure p.a.; POCH, Poland) [20].
- Lignin content was determined by the Tappi method (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry) (T-222 om-06) with concentrated H2SO4 (pure p.a.; POCH, Poland) [21].
- Pentosans were determined using 1–13% HCl (pure p.a.; POCH, Poland) and phloroglucinol (pure p.a., Sigma-Aldrich, Sofia, Bulgaria), according to Tollen’s method [22].
- Theoretical hemicellulose content was arithmetically calculated as the difference between holocellulose and cellulose [23].
2.4. Bioethanol Yield Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pine Needle Biomass Yield
3.2. Chemical Composition of Pine Needle Biomass
3.3. Bioethanol Production
3.3.1. Bioethanol Yield per 100 g of Raw Material
3.3.2. Bioethanol Yield per Hectare
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kolumna1 | Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | Pr (>F) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil preparation | 2 | 0.86 | 0.429 | 0.073 | 0.929 | ||||
Logging residues management | 2 | 4.09 | 2.045 | 0.350 | 0.710 | ||||
Soil preparation * logging residues management | 4 | 4.55 | 1.136 | 0.194 | 0.938 | ||||
Residuals | 18 | 105.26 | 5.848 | ||||||
A,B,C * 1,2,3 | GENERAL MEAN | ||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
A | 6.173 | 5.706 | 3.993 | 5.29 | a | 5.06 | |||
B | 4.696 | 5.133 | 4.743 | 4.86 | a | ||||
C | 5.30 | 4.98 | 4.80 | 5.03 | a | ||||
5.39 | 5.27 | 4.51 |
Pine Needle | Extractive Substances | Pentosans | Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BP | 27.67 ± 0.41 | 8.82 ± 0.12 | 38.49 ± 0.24 | 19.85 ± 0.98 | 24.81 ± 0.18 |
AP | 2.23 ± 0.03 | 12.98 ± 0.14 | 51.90 ± 0.07 | 24.37 ± 0.82 | 20.63 ± 0.14 |
Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | Pr (>F) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil preparation | 2 | 5.631 | 2.8156 | 5.336 | 0.0151 * | ||||
Logging residues management | 2 | 1.689 | 0.8447 | 1.601 | 0.2291 | ||||
Soil preparation * logging residues management | 4 | 2.528 | 0.632 | 1.198 | 0.3457 | ||||
Residuals | 18 | 9.497 | 0.5276 | ||||||
A,B,C * 1,2,3 | GENERAL MEAN | ||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
A | 16.56 | 15.373 | 16.193 | 16.04 | a | 15.45 | |||
B | 15.54 | 15.67 | 14.913 | 15.37 | ab | ||||
C | 15.227 | 14.46 | 15.107 | 14.93 | b | ||||
15.78 | 15.17 | 15.40 |
Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | Pr (>F) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil preparation | 2 | 0.101 | 0.05074 | 0.215 | 0.809 | ||||||
Logging residues management | 2 | 0.196 | 0.09808 | 0.415 | 0.666 | ||||||
Soil preparation * logging residues management | 4 | 0.205 | 0.5134 | 0.217 | 0.925 | ||||||
Residuals | 18 | 4.249 | 0.23608 | ||||||||
A,B,C * 1,2,3 | GENERAL MEAN | ||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||
A | 1.293 | 1.123 | 0.810 | 1.80 | a | 0.99 | |||||
B | 0.926 | 1.006 | 0.896 | 0.94 | a | ||||||
C | 1.016 | 0.910 | 0.916 | 0.95 | a | ||||||
6.46 | 5.93 | 5.23 |
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Wawro, A.; Jakubowski, J.; Gieparda, W.; Pilarek, Z.; Łacka, A. Potential of Pine Needle Biomass for Bioethanol Production. Energies 2023, 16, 3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093949
Wawro A, Jakubowski J, Gieparda W, Pilarek Z, Łacka A. Potential of Pine Needle Biomass for Bioethanol Production. Energies. 2023; 16(9):3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093949
Chicago/Turabian StyleWawro, Aleksandra, Jakub Jakubowski, Weronika Gieparda, Zenon Pilarek, and Agnieszka Łacka. 2023. "Potential of Pine Needle Biomass for Bioethanol Production" Energies 16, no. 9: 3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093949