Status, Challenges and Future Directions in the Evaluation of Net-Zero Energy Building Retrofits: A Bibliometrics-Based Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Bibliometric Analysis
3.1.1. Annual Issuance of Significant Publications
3.1.2. Top Ten Highly Cited Articles
3.1.3. Keyword Co-Occurrence Network
3.2. Results of the Content Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Challenges of NZEB Retrofit
4.2. Strategies for Promoting Net-Zero Energy Building Retrofits
4.2.1. Maximizing Natural Space
4.2.2. Introducing a Tenant Equity System
4.2.3. Upgrading Waste Management
4.2.4. Strengthening Energy Monitoring
4.2.5. Establishing Complete Life Cycle Mechanisms
4.2.6. Providing Systemic Solutions
4.2.7. Promoting the Use of Low-Carbon Building Materials
4.2.8. Increasing Policy Support
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Technical challenges—Restrictions are more prevalent in existing buildings than new ones. Retrofitting existing buildings to meet near-zero energy building (NZEB) standards requires overcoming technical barriers related to energy efficiency measures, renewable energy integration, and the optimization of building systems. The main issues include imperfections in the appearance of solar cells and interfacial mechanisms in the transmission layer, the susceptibility of air source heat pumps to failure in cold climates, and module breakage and performance degradation of photovoltaic (PV) systems.
- (2)
- Economic challenges—High initial construction costs, long payback periods, poor financing mechanisms, and dynamic tariffs that affect the accuracy of cost measurements are significant barriers. Assessing the economic viability of retrofit projects involves analyzing factors such as a discounted payback period, internal rate of return, and total return on investment. This is because of the significant upfront investment costs required to implement energy efficiency measures, renewable energy technologies, and building system optimization. Such initial costs create financial barriers to retrofit projects, and feasibility often depends on the ability to recoup these investments through energy savings over time. Balancing the costs and benefits of zero-energy building retrofits in the face of uncertainty and variability in project costs is the challenge to be addressed.
- (3)
- Cultural challenges—Insufficient public awareness of NZEB, lack of relevant data and information platforms, and insufficient communication and trust among stakeholders have hindered the advancement of NZEB retrofits. Furthermore, balancing energy performance and heritage preservation when retrofitting heritage buildings is crucial. Retrofitting heritage buildings to near-zero energy standards requires a careful consideration of preserving cultural values while improving energy efficiency, which can create conflicting priorities and challenges. In other words, combining high energy performance and renewable energy with heritage buildings poses a dilemma for retrofit practices due to the need to maintain architectural integrity and cultural significance.
- (4)
- Policy challenges—Inadequate policy support, such as the localization of standards and requirements, lack of incentives, and delays in the approval process, have significantly affected the implementation of NZEB retrofits. Good policy change should support energy retrofit projects and empower local authorities to scale up retrofit programs across the region, often including challenges to the retail energy market and empowering local authorities and their partners. Current policies in most areas do not create opportunities for households vulnerable to energy poverty to access low-cost or free retrofit options.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abatement Goal | Unit | Scale and Typology | Upgrading Type |
---|---|---|---|
Nearly zero | Energy | Dwelling | Retrofitting |
Net zero | House | Refurbishment | |
Zero | Building | Modernization | |
Low | Office | Renovation |
Databases | Retrieve Code |
---|---|
Scopus | TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“low” OR “nearly zero” OR “net zero” OR “zero”) PRE/2 (energy) AND (“dwelling” OR “house” OR “building” OR “office”) AND (“retrofitting” OR “refurbishment” OR “modernization” OR “renovation”) AND (“evaluation”)) |
Web of Science | TS = (((low OR “nearly zero” OR “net zero” OR zero) NEAR/2 (energy)) AND (dwelling OR house OR building OR office) AND (retrofitting OR refurbishment OR modernization OR renovation) AND (evaluation)) |
Paper | DOI | Total Citations | TC per Year | Normalized TC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zhao et al. (2021) [37] | 10.1155/2021/6638897 | 39 | 9.75 | 2.82 |
Hong et al. (2021) [38] | 10.1007/s12273-021-0778-7 | 39 | 9.75 | 2.82 |
Opher et al. (2021) [39] | 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123819 | 38 | 9.50 | 2.75 |
Figueroa-Lopez et al. (2021) [40] | 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102607 | 35 | 8.75 | 2.53 |
Hong et al. (2020) [41] | 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109959 | 30 | 6.00 | 2.00 |
Rabani et al. (2021) [42] | 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108159 | 29 | 7.25 | 2.10 |
Albatayneh et al. (2021) [43] | 10.3390/en14102946 | 23 | 5.75 | 1.66 |
Mitchell et al. (2020) [44] | 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110240 | 22 | 4.40 | 1.47 |
Colclough et al. (2022) [45] | 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111563 | 21 | 7.00 | 2.57 |
Apostolopoulos et al. (2022) [46] | 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103921 | 20 | 6.67 | 2.45 |
Source | Location | Method | Evaluation Indicators | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|---|
[53] | Turkey | Modeling energy performance (DesignBuilder) | Payback period (NPV) | Only cost effectiveness was considered. |
[54] | China | Modeling energy performance (PVsyst 7.2) | Dynamic payback period (NPV) | Only for photovoltaic retrofit projects |
[55] | China | Modeling energy performance (Dest-C) | Net present value (NPV) ratio | Only for cold regions |
[56] | China | Modelling energy performance (EnergyPlus) | Economic and carbon reduction benefits | Only for a colored radiant cooling wall retrofit |
[57] | China | Logic-AHP-TOPSIS method | Upfront investment, payback period, heating cost savings | Only available in Lanzhou, China. |
[58] | Poland | DEMATEL-AHP/ANP-VIKOR method, modelling energy performance (ArCADia-TERMOCAD) | Total operating costs, compliance with air quality parameters, the impacts of the building and its facilities on the surrounding environment, total building completion time, etc. | The choice of decision criteria needs to be tailored to the specifics of the decision maker’s preferences. |
[59] | Sweden | Modeling energy performance (Grasshopper/Rhinoceros 3D/EnergyPlus) | Thermal performance of buildings | Small sample size |
[60] | United Arab Emirates | Case study | Reduction in cooling load | Only for energy-saving retrofits with high solar reflectance index (SRI) coatings |
[61] | China, USA, Europe | Multiple case studies | Benefits, costs, heat sources, and technology | Small sample size |
[62] | Japan | Modeling energy performance (BEST) | Heat, power generation | The impact of the amount of hot water obtained from the HFCs on reducing the building’s energy consumption cannot yet be determined. |
[63] | Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region | Modelling energy performance | Orientation, window location and size, glazing type, wall and roof insulation levels, lighting fixtures, appliances, and the efficiency of heating and cooling systems | Building envelope insulation needs to vary by climate. |
[64] | European | Comparative analysis (actual data) | Energy, the function of the house, and its internal comfort | The local competition and the described concept of post-competition use influenced the energy efficiency assessment. |
[65] | China | Parameter reverse identification and load forward calculation | Internal heat gain | Only for integrated building envelopes |
[66] | United State | Comparative analysis (actual data) | Electricity consumption and generation | Historical average data, such as weather conditions, usually do not match actual operating conditions. |
[67] | Singapore | Modeling energy performance (RNSYS 17) | Energy savings and annual cost (NPV) | The setting of economic parameters has a considerable impact. |
[68] | China | Modeling energy performance (TRNSYS) | Building energy use and renewable energy generations, economic cost, load matching, and grid interaction | A simplified battery model did not consider the battery’s energy loss during charging, storage, and discharging. |
[69] | United State | Modeling energy performance (ASHRAE Inverse Modeling Toolkit (IMT)) | Measured data on building energy consumption and photovoltaic power output | The effects of the building orientation, envelope improvements, and HVAC system upgrades using calibrated simulation models were not considered. |
[70] | Iraq | Modeling energy performance (TRNSYS/TRNBuild) | Energy consumption rate and cost | Failure to consider the impact of passive structures |
[71] | European | Modelling energy performance (SketchUp/Open Studio/EnergyPlus) | Electricity and primary energy consumption | The ability to use energy building modeling to describe the hourly heat demand of a building is not possible. |
[72] | European | Differential sensitivity analysis (DSA), elementary effects method | Interest rates, building and equipment maintenance costs, structural element costs, and electricity prices | Small sample size |
[73] | South Korea | Comparative analysis (actual data) | Operational energy consumption and total environmental costs | Energy measurement masks the complexity of building energy flows and ignores the large-scale thermodynamics (economic, cultural, informational, etc.) surrounding the building. |
[74] | Pakistan | Modelling energy performance (HOMER Pro) | Solar radiation potential, operating costs, initial capital costs, energy generated by PV, payback period, and NPV costs | Only for hospital buildings |
[75] | Italy | Modeling energy performance (FATA-e®) | Electricity demand (sum of HVAC, hot water, and artificial lighting), PV generation, electricity absorbed from the grid, and PV surplus exported to the grid | Only for multi-story timber buildings |
[76] | China | Sensitivity analysis | Building geometry, building envelope thermal performance, equipment energy efficiency, and internal heat sources | The range of applications is limited by geography and building type. |
[77] | China | Modeling energy performance (TRNSYS/RETScreen) | Tilt angle, orientation, volumetric ratio, PV conversion efficiency, location, and power generation | The difference between the simulated and calculated results is about 10%. |
[78] | South Korea | Modeling energy performance (TRNSYS) | Passive element S/V ratio (surface-to-volume ratio) for the building type, building orientation, final energy consumption, and investment costs for active elements (building-integrated PV) | Failure to consider the life cycle of a net-zero energy building |
[79] | Italy | Preferred method of sorting organization | Energy consumption, life cycle costs, carbon emissions, property values, and indoor comfort standards | Assumed spatial changes in appreciation of NZEB buildings in the property market |
[80] | Lithuanian | Multi-Attribute Decision Making Methods for Optimal Solutions (MADM-opt) | Heat exchange, relative air humidity, air temperature, air flow rate, surface area-to-volume ratio, noise insulation, and annual heat demand | For brick dwellings only |
[81] | Lithuanian | Primary energy consumption formula | Average power generation, wind speed, wind turbine capacity, conversion efficiency, and turbine power consumption | For wind turbines only |
[82] | China | Modelling energy performance (EnergyPlus) | Baseline cooling demand, typical incident solar radiation, direct solar transmittance, and percentage of solar energy savings from exterior shading blinds | The external shading devices were not quantified only for external louver sunshade shading performance and geometric (e.g., slat width and shape) and physical (e.g., front and rear side slat solar reflectance) parameters. |
[83] | Portugal | Primary energy consumption formula | Renewable energy ratio (RER) and onsite energy fraction (OEF) | Options for exporting energy carriers (e.g., electricity) are always better than options for self-consumption energy generated on-site. |
[84] | Italy | Modeling energy performance (HOMER Pro\PV Sol) | User well-being, energy and greenhouse gas savings, and cost optimization | Only for photovoltaic power plant projects |
[85] | Japan | Comparative analysis (actual data) | Spectral variation, solar radiation, electricity generation | For wall-mounted PV systems only |
[86] | Italy | Comparative analysis (actual data) | Building load, photovoltaic power generation, indoor comfort | Only for typical Mediterranean climates |
[87] | Belgium | Comparative analysis (actual data) | Thermal comfort and energy parameters | No post-occupancy qualitative assessment was considered regarding thermal comfort. |
[88] | China | Energy efficiency assessment method based on time-series current simulations | Proportion of energy storage capacity, annual electricity use, yearly electricity consumption, energy efficiency, and stakeholder income | System costs do not include the cost of losses from poor power quality. |
Categorization | ID | Challenge | Validation Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Technology | T1 | Mechanisms of solar cell aesthetics and carrier transport layers and interfaces | [95] |
T2 | Air source heat pumps are prone to failure in cold climates. | [96] | |
T3 | Failure to consider operational and occupant behavioral changes | [97] | |
T4 | PV systems are prone to module ruptures, inverter failures, performance degradation, and other failures. | [98] | |
T5 | High initial construction costs | [99] | |
T6 | Energy simulation does not provide the best results because many potential system configurations are untested. | [100] | |
T7 | Failure to consider the aging of the power generation system | [101] | |
T8 | Implicit carbon in the life cycle of a building is not considered. | [102] | |
T9 | Insufficient use of new technologies, such as digital twins and artificial intelligence algorithms | [103] | |
T10 | Modeling methods cannot capture all the geometric features in the category represented by the prototype. | [104] | |
Economics | E1 | The payback period is about 10 years. | [105] |
E2 | Dynamic electricity and oil prices hinder the accuracy of cost measurements. | [106] | |
E3 | Financing mechanisms and incentives | [107] | |
E4 | Uncertainty in energy supply markets makes people pessimistic and reluctant to make decisions. | [108] | |
E5 | Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) indicators are not comprehensive. | [109] | |
E6 | Using energy storage systems (electrical and thermal) increases losses, increasing the energy demand and electricity bills. | [110] | |
E7 | Lack of standardized value assessments for sustainable buildings | [111] | |
Society | S1 | Most communities have not yet published up-to-date measurements of NZEB’s success, and no data on its energy performance exist. | [112] |
S2 | Limited information on climate change data | [113] | |
S3 | Insufficient understanding, communication, and trust between stakeholders | [114] | |
S4 | The currently applied NZEB retrofit technologies are dominated by solar photovoltaics, with a small share of other energy sources such as wind, biomass, and micro-hydro. | [115] | |
S5 | Lack of platforms to integrate data, including city castle maps, building information, building models and projects, and energy networks | [116] | |
S6 | Public awareness of NZEB remains low. | [117] | |
S7 | The immaturity of innovative city systems, smart grids, smart meters, and local energy trading platforms | [118] | |
S8 | The complex impact of urban density on costs | [119] | |
S9 | Lack of NZEB building professionals such as owners, facility managers, building design engineers, and builders | [120] | |
S10 | Conflict of interest with traditional electricity suppliers | [121] | |
S11 | Regional differences in types of renewable energy | [122] | |
S12 | Instability and variations in regional climate and local weather conditions | [123] | |
S13 | Fewer members of the public, businesses, or NGOs are involved and on board in realizing zero-energy buildings. | [124] | |
Policy | P1 | Localization of standards and requirements, such as source and supply requirements, timescales, emission sources, and grid connections | [125] |
P2 | Decarbonization strategies and mechanisms are not in place in lagging countries. | [126] | |
P3 | The region does not have a policy for excess electricity to be recovered by the national grid. | [127] | |
P4 | Incentive policies such as subsidies and tax breaks are not provided. | [128] | |
P5 | Lack of consensus on the definition and calculation of NZEB | [129] | |
P6 | Delays in the NZEB approval process | [130] |
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Xiaoxiang, Q.; Junjia, Y.; Haron, N.A.; Alias, A.H.; Law, T.H.; Abu Bakar, N. Status, Challenges and Future Directions in the Evaluation of Net-Zero Energy Building Retrofits: A Bibliometrics-Based Systematic Review. Energies 2024, 17, 3826. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153826
Xiaoxiang Q, Junjia Y, Haron NA, Alias AH, Law TH, Abu Bakar N. Status, Challenges and Future Directions in the Evaluation of Net-Zero Energy Building Retrofits: A Bibliometrics-Based Systematic Review. Energies. 2024; 17(15):3826. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153826
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoxiang, Qin, Yin Junjia, Nuzul Azam Haron, Aidi Hizami Alias, Teik Hua Law, and Nabilah Abu Bakar. 2024. "Status, Challenges and Future Directions in the Evaluation of Net-Zero Energy Building Retrofits: A Bibliometrics-Based Systematic Review" Energies 17, no. 15: 3826. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153826