Investigating the Effect of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Cetane Improver (2-EHN) on the Autoignition Characteristics of a 1-Butanol–Diesel Blend
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Sample Characterization
2.2. Experimental Setup and Data Acquisition
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pressure Waveform in a Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber
3.2. Ignition and Combustion Delay
3.3. Average and Maximum Pressure Rise Rate
3.4. Maximum Pressure Rise
3.5. Derived Cetane Number
4. Conclusions
- As the mass fraction of 2-EHN in a 1-butanol–diesel blend at 30% (v/v) of 1-butanol increased, the ignition delay and combustion delay shortened, with noticeably lower values of these parameters recorded for the higher initial temperature in the combustion chamber.
- As the mass fraction of 2-EHN in a 1-butanol–diesel blend at 30% (v/v) of 1-butanol increased, for a lower initial temperature in the combustion chamber, the average pressure rise rate increased, and for the higher of these temperatures, the value of this parameter decreased.
- As the mass fraction of 2-EHN in a 1-butanol–diesel blend at 30% (v/v) of 1-butanol increased, for a lower initial temperature in the combustion chamber, the maximum pressure rise rate increased, and for the higher of these temperatures, the value of this parameter decreased.
- As the mass fraction of 2-EHN in a 1-butanol–diesel blend at 30% (v/v) of 1-butanol increased, for both analyzed initial temperatures in the combustion chamber, the value of maximum pressure rise decreased marginally.
- As the mass fraction of 2-EHN in a 1-butanol–diesel blend at 30% (v/v) of 1-butanol increased, the value of the derived cetane number increased, with a value close to that obtained for the base fuel, which was diesel fuel, achieved only at a mass fraction of 2-EHN amounting to 30,000 ppm.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
2-EHN | 2-ethylhexyl nitrate |
ID | Ignition delay |
CD | Combustion delay |
DCN | Derived cetane number |
BDB | 1-butanol–diesel blend |
NOX | Nitrogen oxides |
CN | Cetane number |
NO3 | Nitrate |
NO2 | Nitrogen dioxide |
CH2O | Formaldehyde |
OH | Hydroxyl |
CVCC | Constant volume combustion chamber |
FTIR | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
FAME | Fatty acid methyl esters |
IBP | Initial boiling point |
FBP | Final boiling point |
tch | Combustion chamber wall temperature |
tco | Temperature of injector coolant |
p0 | Initial combustion chamber pressure |
pinj | Fuel injection pressure |
tinj | Injection pulse width (injection period) |
pch | Pressure in the combustion chamber |
MPR | Maximum pressure rise |
MPRR | Maximum pressure rise rate |
APRR | Average pressure rise rate |
Ta | Initial temperature in the combustion chamber |
ϕ | Symbol prefixed to the parameter indicating the value of the measurement uncertainty |
References
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Parameter | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
FAME | % (v/v) | 6.4 |
DCN | - | 51.6 |
Cetane index | - | 53.5 |
IBP | °C | 169.0 |
T10 | °C | 202.9 |
T50 | °C | 274.8 |
T90 | °C | 339.8 |
E250 | % (v/v) | 35.0 |
E350 | % (v/v) | 94.0 |
FBP | °C | 359.2 |
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C | mm2/s | 2.7 |
Dynamic viscosity at 40 °C | cP | 2.6 |
Density at 15 °C | g/cm3 | 0.834 |
2-EHN | ppm (m/m) | 0.0 |
Mono Aromatics | % (m/m) | 17.6 |
Di Aromatics | % (m/m) | 2.3 |
Tri+ Aromatics | % (m/m) | 0.2 |
Total Aromatics | % (m/m) | 20.1 |
Polycyclic Aromatics | % (m/m) | 2.5 |
Symbols of Fuel Samples | Fraction, % (by Volume) | Fraction, ppm (by Mass) | |
---|---|---|---|
Diesel Fuel | 1-Butanol | 2-EHN | |
DFBu0-0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
DFBu30-0 | 70 | 30 | 0 |
DFBu30-5 | 70 | 30 | 5000 |
DFBu30-10 | 70 | 30 | 10,000 |
DFBu30-20 | 70 | 30 | 20,000 |
DFBu30-25 | 70 | 30 | 25,000 |
DFBu30-30 | 70 | 30 | 30,000 |
Calibration Parameter | Setting | Tolerance |
---|---|---|
tch | 588.0 °C | ±0.2 °C |
tco | 50 °C | ±2 °C |
p0 | 2.00 MPa | ±0.02 MPa |
pinj | 100.0 MPa | ±1.5 MPa |
tinj | 2.5 ms | not defined |
Symbols of Fuel Samples | tinj, ms | pinj, MPa | p0, MPa | tch (Ta), °C | ϕID, ms | ϕCD, ms | ϕDCN | ϕMPR, MPa | ϕAPRR, MPa/ms | ϕMPRR, MPa/ms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DFBu0-0 | 2.5 | 99.4 | 2.00 | 587.6 | 0.0226 | 0.0254 | 0.3 | 0.003 | 0.0234 | 0.1515 |
DFBu30-0 | 2.5 | 99.6 | 2.00 | 587.5 | 0.0475 | 0.0967 | 0.2 | 0.006 | 0.0044 | 0.0287 |
DFBu30-5 | 2.5 | 98.9 | 2.00 | 587.7 | 0.0118 | 0.0307 | 0.1 | 0.005 | 0.0107 | 0.1506 |
DFBu30-10 | 2.5 | 99.6 | 2.00 | 587.7 | 0.0239 | 0.0239 | 0.1 | 0.005 | 0.0077 | 0.0771 |
DFBu30-20 | 2.5 | 99.0 | 2.00 | 588.8 | 0.0136 | 0.0226 | 0.2 | 0.006 | 0.0408 | 0.1579 |
DFBu30-25 | 2.5 | 99.1 | 2.00 | 588.7 | 0.0228 | 0.0224 | 0.2 | 0.004 | 0.0102 | 0.1175 |
DFBu30-30 | 2.5 | 100.5 | 2.00 | 588.8 | 0.0333 | 0.0368 | 0.4 | 0.002 | 0.0160 | 0.1580 |
Symbols of Fuel Samples | tinj, ms | pinj, MPa | p0, MPa | tch (Ta), °C | ϕID, ms | ϕCD, ms | ϕMPR, MPa | ϕAPRR, MPa/ms | ϕMPRR, MPa/ms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DFBu0-0 | 2.5 | 100.2 | 2.00 | 648.3 | 0.0121 | 0.0136 | 0.001 | 0.0256 | 0.2302 |
DFBu30-0 | 2.5 | 100.0 | 2.00 | 648.2 | 0.0280 | 0.0448 | 0.004 | 0.0223 | 0.1425 |
DFBu30-5 | 2.5 | 99.2 | 1.99 | 648.4 | 0.0144 | 0.0254 | 0.003 | 0.0540 | 0.1631 |
DFBu30-10 | 2.5 | 99.9 | 2.00 | 648.3 | 0.0158 | 0.0413 | 0.003 | 0.0323 | 0.1701 |
DFBu30-20 | 2.5 | 100.0 | 2.00 | 648.3 | 0.0119 | 0.0163 | 0.002 | 0.0196 | 0.0857 |
DFBu30-25 | 2.5 | 100.2 | 2.00 | 648.3 | 0.0213 | 0.0266 | 0.004 | 0.0206 | 0.1126 |
DFBu30-30 | 2.5 | 99.9 | 2.00 | 648.4 | 0.0188 | 0.0334 | 0.002 | 0.0201 | 0.1091 |
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Kuszewski, H.; Jaworski, A. Investigating the Effect of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Cetane Improver (2-EHN) on the Autoignition Characteristics of a 1-Butanol–Diesel Blend. Energies 2024, 17, 4085. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164085
Kuszewski H, Jaworski A. Investigating the Effect of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Cetane Improver (2-EHN) on the Autoignition Characteristics of a 1-Butanol–Diesel Blend. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4085. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164085
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuszewski, Hubert, and Artur Jaworski. 2024. "Investigating the Effect of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Cetane Improver (2-EHN) on the Autoignition Characteristics of a 1-Butanol–Diesel Blend" Energies 17, no. 16: 4085. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164085