Recent Advancements in Pd-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Brown or black: produced by coal (lignite or bituminous coal) gasification;
- Grey: produced via steam reforming of methane;
- Blue: produced via steam reforming or gasification but with the adoption of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies;
- Turquoise: produced via methane pyrolisis;
- Yellow: produced via electrolysis using the electricity from the grid;
- Pink or red: produced via electrolysis or thermo-catalysis through the energy (electrical or thermal) derived from nuclear plants;
- Orange: produced by biomass [3];
- Green: produced using renewable sources [4].
2. Hydrogen Permeation through Membranes
- Diffusion of molecular hydrogen through the surface of the membrane;
- Dissociation of molecular hydrogen on the palladium surface;
- Dissolution of atomic hydrogen into the bulk metal;
- Diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the bulk metal;
- Association of atomic hydrogen on the palladium surface;
- Desorption of molecular hydrogen from the surface;
- Diffusion of molecular hydrogen from the surface [26].
3. Characteristics of Palladium and Its Alloy Membranes
- Adsorption on the Pd-based membrane surface;
- Dissociation of hydrogen sulfide:
3.1. Palladium Alloys Adopted in Membrane Fabrication
Ternary Alloys
3.2. Membrane Types
3.2.1. Self-Supported Membranes
3.2.2. Supported Membranes
3.2.3. Intermediate Layers
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
GHG | Greenhouse Gas |
CCUS | Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage |
PEMFC | Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell |
PSA | Pressure Swing Adsorption |
BCC | Body-Centered Cubic |
FCC | Face-Centered Cubic |
PSS | Porous Steel Support |
ELP | Electroless Plating |
ELP-PP | Electroless Pore-Plating |
MS | Magnetron Sputtering |
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Year | Number of Publications |
---|---|
2024 | 11 |
2023 | 14 |
2022 | 14 |
2021 | 21 |
2020 | 28 |
2019 | 18 |
Researcher | Number of Publications |
---|---|
Gallucci, F. | 11 |
Sanz, R. | 7 |
Calles, J. A. | 7 |
Alique, D. | 7 |
Martinez-Diaz, D. | 5 |
Chen, W. H. | 5 |
Element | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Silver (Ag) |
|
| [25,31,34,35] |
Copper (Cu) |
|
| [25,35,36,37,38,45] |
Gold (Au) |
|
| [37,39] |
Yttrium (Y) |
|
| [25,40,46] |
Ruthenium (Ru) |
|
| [41,42,43] |
Nickel (Ni) |
|
| [44] |
Membrane | Preparation Method | [μm] | T [°C] | [kPa] | Permeability/ Permeance | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pd-Y | Cold-Rolling | 80 | 400 | 25–300 | (1) | N. D. | [51] |
Pd-Ag | Cold-Rolling | 76.2 | 400 | ≈90 | ≈ (1) | N.D. | [52] |
Pd-Ag-Y | Cold-Rolling | 38 | 400 | 200 | (1) | ∞ | [53] |
Pd/-Al2O3 | ELP | 8.8 | 350 | 100 | ≈ (2) | 3.45 | [55] |
Pd-Au/-Al2O3 | ELP | 8 | 400 | 50 | (2) | 500 | [56] |
Pd/Modified-PSS | ELP | 7–8.53 | 320–380 | 202.6 | 1.47–2.07 (2) | 92–∞ | [57,58] |
Pd/PSS | ELP-PP | 20 | 395 | 200 | ≈ (2) | ≥1000 | [59] |
Pd-Ag/PSS | MS | 10 | 450 | 400 | (1) | 39,000 | [34] |
Pd/Al2O3 | ELP | 5 | 350 | 30–100 | 4.9 × 10−9 (1) | 7935–37,640 | [60] |
Pd/Ta | ELP | 1 | 450 | 250 | 5.9–12.2 × 10−8 (1) | N.D. | [62] |
Membrane | Preparation Method | [μm] | T [°C] | [kPa] | H2 Permeance/Permeability | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pd/CeO2/PSS | ELP-PP | 10 | 400 | 25–300 | 5.98 × 10−4 (1) | ≥10,000 | [66] |
Pd/CeO2/PSS | ELP-PP | 15.4 | 400 | 100–200 | 5.37 × 10−4 (1) | ≥10,000 | [67] |
Pd/Doped-CeO2/PSS | ELP-PP | 9.1 | 350–450 | 100–200 | 4.46–6.39 × 10−4 (1) | ≥10,000 | [68] |
Pd/Mesoporous-CeO2/PSS | ELP-PP | 10 | 400 | 100–200 | 1.03 × 10−3 (1) | ≥24,000 | [69] |
Pd/Graphite/PSS | ELP-PP | 17 | 400 | 100 | 4.01 × 10−4 (1) | ≥10,000 | [70] |
Pd/NaY/PSS | ELP | 7 | 450 | 100 | 6.2 × 10−4 (1) | 736 | [71] |
Pd/SAPO-34/PSS | ELP | 9 | 450 | 100 | 7.1 × 10−7 (2) | 866 | [72] |
Pd/Doped-SBA-15/PSS | ELP-PP | 7.1 | 400 | 50–250 | 3.81 × 10−4 (1) | ≥2500 | [73] |
Pd/GO/Al2O3 | ELP | 0.91 | 450 | 100 | 2.4 × 10−6 (2) | ∞ | [74] |
Pd/NA-15A/Al2O3 | ELP | 2 | 450 | 100 | ≈3.05 × 10−3 (1) | ≈3500 | [75] |
Pd/G/Nb | MS | 0.1 | 450 | 500 | 1.83 × 10−9 (3) | N.D | [76] |
Pd/HfN/Nb30Ti35CO35 | MS | 1 | 250–400 | 600 | 2.65 × 10−8 (3) | N.D. | [77] |
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Cerone, N.; Zito, G.D.; Florio, C.; Fabbiano, L.; Zimbardi, F. Recent Advancements in Pd-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation. Energies 2024, 17, 4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164095
Cerone N, Zito GD, Florio C, Fabbiano L, Zimbardi F. Recent Advancements in Pd-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164095
Chicago/Turabian StyleCerone, Nadia, Giuseppe Domenico Zito, Carmine Florio, Laura Fabbiano, and Francesco Zimbardi. 2024. "Recent Advancements in Pd-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation" Energies 17, no. 16: 4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164095