Investigation of the Effects of Energy-Efficient Drying Techniques and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive and Functional Activity of Banana Inflorescence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Chemicals and Regents
2.3. Drying Experiments
2.3.1. Convective Oven Drying (CD)
2.3.2. Freeze-Drying (FD)
2.3.3. Intermittent Microwave Convective Drying (IMCD)
Milling
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Physicochemical Properties of Banana Inflorescence Powder
2.5.1. Colour Parameters
2.5.2. Microstructure
2.5.3. Moisture Content
2.5.4. Ash Content
2.5.5. pH
2.5.6. Total Soluble Solids Content
2.5.7. Drying Yield
2.5.8. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)—Mineral Analysis
2.6. Functional Properties
2.6.1. Swelling Capacity
2.6.2. Bulk Density
2.6.3. Tapped Density
2.6.4. Water-Holding Capacity
2.6.5. Oil-Holding Capacity
2.6.6. CHN Analysis
2.6.7. FTIR
2.7. Bioactive Properties of Extracted Banana Inflorescence
2.8. Extraction
2.8.1. Extraction Method
2.8.2. Optimised Extraction Process
Drying methods | CD, FD, IMCD |
Extraction solvents | Methanol, Ethanol, Water |
Extraction solvent concentrations | 50%, 75%, 100% |
Control | Fresh Banana inflorescence without drying |
2.9. Total Phenolic Content (Folin–Ciocalteu Method)
2.10. Total Scavenging Activity (DPPH Analysis)
2.11. Characterisation of Polyphenols Using LC-MS
2.12. Quantification of Phenolic Compounds Using HPLC-PDA
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Physical Properties of Dried Banana Inflorescence
3.1.1. Colour
3.1.2. Microstructure
3.1.3. Moisture Content
3.1.4. Ash Content
3.1.5. pH
3.1.6. Total Soluble Solids (TSS)
3.1.7. Drying Yield
3.1.8. EDS Spectrum
3.2. Functional Properties
3.2.1. Swelling Power
3.2.2. Bulk Density
3.2.3. Tapped Density
3.2.4. Water-Holding Capacity (WHC)
3.2.5. Oil-Holding Capacity
3.2.6. C, H, and N Analysis
3.2.7. FTIR
Wavenumber (cm−1) | Band Assignment | Contributing Biomolecules | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
3292 | =C-H, OH | Unsaturated lipids | [57] |
2924, 2854 | C-H, OH, CH2 | Alkane | [56] |
1743 | Amide 1 | Aldehyde, Ketone | [57] |
1638 | COO- | Absorbed water | [54] |
1440, 1380, 1310 | C-O-H | Starch | [58] |
1231 | C-O | Lignin | [54] |
1066, 1021, 915 | C-O-C, C-O, C-C,C-O-P, P—O-P | Aromatic, Phenolics, carbohydrate | [39,59] |
3.3. Bioactive Properties of Banana Inflorescence
3.3.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.3.2. DPPH Scavenging Activity
3.3.3. Characterisation of Polyphenols Using LC-MS
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Colour | Fresh | CD | FD | IMCD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physic | ||||
a* Redness | 16.30 ± 0.10 a | 4.77 ± 0.06 c | 7.07 ± 0.12 b | 2.83 ± 0.06 d |
b* Yellowness | 13.23 ± 0.12 b | 9.60 ± 0.10 c | 15.30 ± 0.10 a | 7.40 ± 0.14 d |
L* Lightness | 33.77 ± 0.15 a | 15.43 ± 0.15 c | 28.43 ± 0.06 b | 11.8 ± 0.10 d |
C* Chroma | 20.99 ± 0.15 a | 10.72 ± 0.12 c | 16.85 ± 0.13 b | 7.92 ± 0.02 d |
h* Hue | 0.68 ± 0.01 d | 1.11 c | 1.14 b | 1.21 ± 0.01 a |
Drying Method | Moisture % | Ash % | pH | TSS (Brix) | Drying Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD | 7.89 ± 0.51 b | 14.71 ± 0.58 | 5.20 ± 0.10 b | 18.53 ± 0.42 c | 8.28 ± 0.22 b |
FD | 8.22 ± 0.51 b | 15.50 ± 0.22 | 5.40 ± 0.20 b | 20.23 ± 0.15 a | 9.73 ± 0.21 a |
IMCD | 7.40 ± 0.33 b | 14.81 ± 0.05 | 5.17 ± 0.12 b | 19.33 ± 0.12 b | 9.60 ± 0.46 a |
Fresh (control) * | 92.33 ± 0.58 a | - | 5.83 ± 0.12 a | 17.30 ± 0.10 d | - |
p-value ** | 0.000 | 0.069 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Drying Method | Swelling Capacity | Bulk Density (g/mL) | Tapped Density | Water-Holding Capacity (g/g) | Oil-Holding Capacity (g/g) | C % | H % | N % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD | 7.29 ± 0.17 b | 0.46 ± 0.04 b | 0.63 ± 0.02 b | 6.29 ± 0.17 b | 2.52 ± 0.10 b | 42.66 ± 0.74 | 5.07 ± 0.13 | 2.58 ± 0.07 a,b |
FD | 10.35 ± 0.44 a | 0.13 ± 0.03 c | 0.28 ± 0.02 c | 9.35 ± 0.44 a | 6.01 ± 0.41 a | 41.59 ± 0.24 | 5.08 ± 0.10 | 2.48 ± 0.15 b |
IMCD | 6.92 ± 0.03 b | 0.58 ± 0.01 a | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 5.96 ± 0.03 b | 2.23 ± 0.06 b | 42.66 ± 0.74 | 5.03 ± 0.17 | 2.78 ± 0.03 a |
p-value * | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.126 | 0.919 | 0.027 |
Compound | Molecular Formula | RT (min) | Ionization (ESI+/ESI−) | Molecular Weight | Theoretical (m/z) | Observed (m/z) | Fresh (mg/100 g) | CD (mg/100 g) | FD (mg/100 g) | IMCD (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallic acid | C7H6O5 | 0.62 | [M–H]- | 170.0215 | 169.0142 | 169.0139 | 0.074 ± 0.02 | 0.063 ± 0.00 | 4.21 ± 0.10 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
Syringic acid | C9H10O5 | 0.691 | [M–H]- | 198.1700 | 198.0528 | 197.8081 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 20.32 ± 1.59 | 0.114 ± 0.02 |
Protocatechuic acid | C13H16O9 | 2.3 | [M–H]- | 154.0266 | 153.0193 | 153.019 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.125 ± 0.04 | 5.268 ± 0.30 | 0.222 ± 0.03 |
Caffeic acid | C9H8O4 | 8.34 | [M–H]- | 180.0423 | 179.035 | 179.0347 | 0.107 ± 0.03 | 0.746 ± 0.17 | 18.035 ± 0.31 | 1.338 ± 0.11 |
p-coumaric acid | C9H8O3 | 13.17 | [M–H]- | 164.0473 | 163.04 | 163.0397 | 0.041 ± 0.01 | 0.252 ± 0.04 | 5.724 ± 0.34 | 0.44 ± 0.04 |
Catechin | C15H14O6 | 15.26 | [M–H]- | 290.079 | 289.0717 | 289.0715 | 0.023 ± 0.00 | 0.149 ± 0.03 | 2.966 ± 0.15 | 0.26 ± 0.03 |
Ferulic acid | C10H10O4 | 18.16 | [M–H]- | 194.0579 | 193.0506 | 193.0503 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.404 ± 0.10 | 7.763 ± 0.27 | 0.687 ± 0.05 |
Sinapic acid | C11H12O5 | 21.59 | [M–H]- | 224.0685 | 223.0612 | 223.0609 | 0.049 ± 0.00 | 0.279 ± 0.06 | 4.659 ± 0.16 | 0.46 ± 0.05 |
Kaempferol | C13H16O9 | 16.83 | [M–H]- | 286.0477 | 285.0404 | 285.0397 | 0.244 ± 0.05 | 1.45 ± 0.23 | 28.302 ± 1.60 | 2.485 ± 0.25 |
Quercetin | C15H10O7 | 40.83 | [M–H]- | 302.0427 | 301.0354 | 301.0343 | 0.254 ± 0.01 | 0.906 ± 0.16 | 10.317 ± 0.32 | 1.397 ± 0.08 |
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Senevirathna, N.; Hassanpour, M.; O’Hara, I.; Karim, A. Investigation of the Effects of Energy-Efficient Drying Techniques and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive and Functional Activity of Banana Inflorescence. Energies 2024, 17, 4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164119
Senevirathna N, Hassanpour M, O’Hara I, Karim A. Investigation of the Effects of Energy-Efficient Drying Techniques and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive and Functional Activity of Banana Inflorescence. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164119
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenevirathna, Nuwanthi, Morteza Hassanpour, Ian O’Hara, and Azharul Karim. 2024. "Investigation of the Effects of Energy-Efficient Drying Techniques and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive and Functional Activity of Banana Inflorescence" Energies 17, no. 16: 4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164119