Review of the Transition to Energy 5.0 in the Context of Non-Renewable Energy Sustainable Development

Abstract

The problems of achieving the UN’s sustainable development goals related to providing both developed and developing countries with cheap and accessible energy, as well as in the context of taking climate action, cannot be solved, on the one hand, without a transition to Energy 5.0, within the framework of the upcoming Fifth Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, it cannot be carried out without ensuring a “seamless” Fourth Energy Transition, which poses new challenges for the technological modernization of power production from non-renewables. Along with this, the expected transition to a human-centric Industry 5.0 challenges researchers to identify obstacles to the diffusion of technologies within hydrocarbon production industries and ways to overcome them in regard to the upcoming Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0 environment. In this regard, the purpose of this review is to analyze the structure of scientific publications in this field of research on the human-centric development of technologies in terms of these platforms in order to outline the basis for further research. To achieve this goal, this review provides a multifaceted overview of the main technologies of Industry 5.0, embodied within Energy 5.0, Mining 5.0, and Oil and Gas 5.0, such as collaborative artificial intelligence and co-bots, digital tees, the industrial Internet of Everything, smart cities, and industry; their human-centric nature is revealed as the basis for achieving significant sustainable development goals. This review concludes that there is a need for further analysis of certain areas of the transition to Energy 5.0, such as the human-centric development of digital technologies of Industry 5.0 in the fuel and energy sector, and the revision of its role in terms of achieving the sustainable development goals in the future.

1. Introduction

The development of modern scientific thought is continuously moving towards the creation of a human-centric society and economy, in which the sustainable development goals, established by the UN in 2015, will be equally relevant for both present and future generations. The coming Fifth Industrial Revolution (Industry 5.0) is designed to “turn towards people”, not only in regard to the distribution of goods, but also their production, including the extraction of natural resources and power production (in pursuance of such sustainable development goals as follows: number 7. affordable and clean energy; 9. industry, innovation, and infrastructure; 11. sustainable cities and communities; 12. responsible consumption and production; 13. climate action) [1].

It is already becoming clear that the Fourth Industrial Revolution—Industry 4.0—is not capable of meeting humanity’s future needs for cheap and safe energy without reducing consumption and power production on a scale dictated by climate change. The potential collaboration between people and machines, which Industry 5.0 [2] entails, is capable of “building” the energy sector of the future based on the long-term needs of humanity while ensuring a balance is achieved between energy from fossil fuels and renewable sources. Therefore, research into the transformation of the technological platform for power production, from Energy 4.0 to Energy 5.0, will inevitably affect the development of fossil fuel extraction technologies to the level of Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0, which will be symbiotic in terms of the interaction between humans and machines.

Early mentions of the upcoming Industry 5.0 (from about 2011) environment consider it as the technological foundation for a radical improvement in the quality of human life, both in terms of access to material and certain intangible (including information) benefits. The digital transformation of the economy and society will make reducing inequality and the provision of affordable and green energy drivers of economic growth [3]. The technologies of the Fifth Industrial Revolution are inextricably linked with the growing need for a generational change in the production of power and energy resources, which, with the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies (artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, machine learning, blockchain, etc.), should make power production and power consumption more flexible and introduces a whole new level to energy saving [4]. At the same time, a radical change in energy demand is expected from Industry 5.0, as well as new methods of power production, the fossil energy part of which will make it possible to help developing countries progress to the advanced level of energy consumption without increasing the anthropogenic load on the environment, which fits well with the Energy 5.0 concept.

Despite the continuity of the technologies that are part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (digital and convergent technologies based on the Internet, the production of microprocessors and nanomaterials), the fundamental difference in Industry 5.0 technologies is their cross-industry integration. Moreover, the perception of human value is greater in terms of Industry 5.0 than the possibilities presented by production automation, which will overcome the environmental and social limitations of Industry 4.0 [5]. In regard to power production, it is important to combine the concepts of “smart” and “sustainable” as the basis of the Energy 5.0 paradigm. It means that a change in the business models in the energy and mining sectors is needed, from market-oriented to human-oriented models (maximizing human development capital and environmental protection), since the priority of Industry 4.0, namely the maximum productivity of digital systems, may destabilize economic growth in the near future [6].

The origins of Industry 5.0 are less associated with breakthroughs in digital and convergent technologies (as was the case for Industry 4.0), and more so with the new global demand to put them in the service of the entirety of society, whose priorities are detailed in the sustainable development goals [7].

It is expected that Industry 5.0 will provide an opportunity to combine human creativity and the ultra-high performance of robotic production systems with artificial intelligence to solve such non-trivial problems as the need to reduce the gap in power consumption and environmental protection between developing and developed countries, as well as subsoil conservation for future generations. To achieve this, Industry 4.0 technologies must be transformed into and by edge computing, digital twins, collaborative robots, blockchain, and 6G, and beyond, network speeds, which will integrate the transformation, supply chain analysis and optimization, business innovation, and sustainability of smart, efficient power production [8].

Achieving the sustainable development goals of providing affordable and environmentally safe energy during the transition to Industry 5.0 depends entirely on the competitiveness of fossil fuels, the cheapest and most accessible energy, in an increasingly regulated market. Therefore, the strategic readiness and competitiveness of business firms for Industry 5.0 practices determine the prospects for global economic growth without increasing inequality in access to energy and clean water (as the sustainable development goals) [9]. This means that future business strategies must include Industry 5.0 technologies as a part of the transition to Society 5.0, in which the need for uninterrupted power supply will be met through the integration of physical and cyberspace [10].

The very human-centricity of Industry 5.0 means that people, not robots, are the final consumers of technology. Their safety requirements and preferences must be taken into account in designing artificial intelligence, personalized devices, and equipment focused on social needs. For example, in smart homes, sensors can quickly analyze sensor data and change power consumption settings, taking into account the load on local and backbone networks. Further, the production and consumption sustainability within the framework of Industry 5.0 means the ability of the production system to meet current needs without compromising between the provision of natural resources, a safe environment, and energy for future generations, through comprehensive control over their use already at the design stage [11]. This seems achievable in the process of Industry 40 technologies’ evolution to level 5.0 (Figure 1).

With unprecedented technological breakthroughs driving the emergence of Society 5.0 and Industry 5.0, there is a need to examine their potential challenges. They include the movement of jobs into cyberspace, loss of control over smart robots, additional energy demands and environmental stress, and data privacy [12]. Considering these issues stipulates a significant shift in industrial paradigms, emphasizing the merging of digital technologies with traditional production processes, with the emerging of digital society as a fundamental driver of change in the industrial landscape. The convergence of artificial intelligence, Big Data analysis, and personalized service delivery leads to a paradigm shift in power production focused on a specific consumer [13].

In the process of transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0, human behavior and thinking focus on the technologies necessary to address complex global problems, implying the concentration of human experience on solving promising (future) problems in an increasingly automated world [14].

In general, the term “Industry 5.0” refers to people working with intelligent machines, which suggests that robots increase the efficiency of people through more productive use of digital technologies that are constantly being creatively modified in order to be adapted to social needs.

In other words, if Industry 4.0 frees people from physical labor in favor of intellectual labor, then Industry 5.0 also makes people free from intellectual labor in favor of active creativity. Here, we consider the evolution of industrial technologies towards the greater integration of people and machines, with the interaction between people, machines, and breakthrough technologies for the sake of individualization, flexibility, and sustainability [15]. This is precisely about the prospect of success in solving non-trivial global problems related to the equal provision of affordable energy with minimal burden on the environment in the future. This also means that the business strategies of enterprises will be influenced by technologies such as Big Data analytics, the Internet of Everything, collaborative robots, blockchain, digital twins, and 6G systems [16].

In particular, the concept of robotization in Industry 5.0—“Automation 5.0” is not aimed at creating machines that can replace people, but at achieving creative interaction and collaboration between people and machines [17]. When applied to the development of entrepreneurship in Society 5.0, the collaboration of people and machines will balance new technologies with personalized production methods, creating a more holistic industrial ecosystem (Figure 2). Entrepreneurs in Industry 5.0 are shaping the integration of communication between people and advanced digital technologies (the transition from cyber-physical to cyber-social systems) [18].

At the same time, it is impossible to deny the limitations in the development of Industry 5.0 resulting from the imperfections of production, financial, and social infrastructure of expanding Industry 4.0 today. Here, we consider increasing cybersecurity risks, slowing growth in the number of start-ups due to the complication of market regulation mechanisms because of the large amount of automation, the need to modify the strategies of large corporations, and the deterioration of energy management due to an increase in data flows from smart sensors [19]. In addition, Industry 5.0 is associated with problems such as the loss of jobs caused by machines and the slow adaptation of industry to changes in the structure of employment compared to technological breakthroughs, as well as the unprecedented volumes of investment required [20].

The authors of national strategies for the development of Industry 5.0 on a global scale are already thinking about overcoming these limitations. As an example, we can give the following: “Advanced Manufacturing Partnership” (USA, 2011)—the development of additive technologies, power and flexible hybrid electronics, integrated photonics, digital manufacturing and design; “Made in China 2025” (PRC, 2015)—emphasis on aerospace, high-tech marine and railway technology, advanced robotics; “Industry 4.0 (Germany, 2011)”—the widespread expansion of service robotics and smart factories, Industrial Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems; “National Technology Initiative (Russia, 2014)”—the complete digitalization of pf nine Markets of the Future (AeroNet, AutoNet, Neuronet, Energynet, Health-Net, SafeNet, MariNet, Food-Net, FinNet); “Society 5.0” (Japan 2016)—the complete transformation of the socio-economic and cultural system based on advanced digital technologies; “IKTVA” (Saudi Arabia, 2017)—the complete digitalization of the energy sector based on cyber-physical systems in oil production, environ-mental, and industrial waste [21].

Thus, today it is quite appropriate to talk about significant interest in researching the structure of the transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0, in which new platforms for the technological development of fossil fuel extraction (Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0) and power production (Energy 5.0) are being formed.

In general, the novelty of this work lies in identifying promising ways of transforming the fossil fuel sector in the context of the transition to Energy 5.0 based on the potential of platforms for upcoming Industry 5.0 (Mining 5.0, Oil and Gas 5.0), which is discussed in scientific publications.

2. Methodology

The main part of the scientific publications considered in the review is related to the analysis of the core human-centric technologies of Industry 5.0 in the production of energy from fossil fuels in the context of achieving the sustainable development goals—their basic implementation problems and development prospects. The purpose of this review is to analyze the structure of scientific publications in the field of researching the Energy 5.0, Mining 5.0, and Oil and Gas 5.0 platforms as a result of the core technologies evolution from Industry 4.0 to 5.0 in order to outline the basis for their further research. The context of this review is a constructive criticism of the analyzed research works and statistical analysis. They make it possible to highlight those key points in the evolution of technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution that determine the human-centricity of Industry 5.0 platforms, including the fuel and energy sector, to reveal their role in achieving the sustainable development goals, and obstacles and limitations to this process.

In accordance with this goal, the tasks set in the review include identifying the areas of interest for the researchers of human-centric Industry 5.0 technologies in power production from fossil sources, identifying the main trends and obstacles to the development of the Energy 5.0 platform to achieve a “seamless” fourth Energy Transition and the sustainable development goals related to providing affordable energy and climate action.

To achieve this goal, the review consists of four sections. The “Introduction” Section examines the role of Energy 5.0 in achieving the sustainable development goals and the continuity of its human-centric technologies with the digital platform of Industry 4.0. Section 2, “Methodology”, contains a description of the goals, objectives, and structure of the study, as well as a quantitative assessment of the reviewed scientific works in the field of transition to Energy 5.0. Section 3, “Inheritance by human-centric production of Industry 5.0 of digital technologies of Industry 4.0, and their evolution in Energy 5.0”, provides an overview of works that reveal the specifics of the evolution of digital technologies used in energy production from fossil sources and their extraction from Energy 4.0 to Energy 5.0, the nature of their human-centricity, and role in achieving the sustainable development goals. Section 4, “Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0 as components of the Energy 5.0 technology platform”, contains the analysis of publications in the field of research in digital platforms of the Fifth Industrial Revolution in hydrocarbon production and combustion, in the context of Sustainable Development. Section 4.1, Section 4.2, Section 4.3 and Section 4.4 discuss the role of fossil resources in the transition from Energy 4.0 to 5.0, its human-centric technologies, Zero Emissions Imperative, and the specifics of achieving sustainable development goals in fossil extractive countries within the framework of Energy 5.0. Section 5, “Conclusions and Prospects”, is devoted to summarizing the conclusions, identifying the limitations of the Energy 5.0 study, and possible ways to overcome them in the context of achieving the sustainable development goals.

In the search for scientific works to form this review, databases such as Google Scholar, GeoRef, Springer Link, Science Direct, bibliometric databases Clarivate (Web of Science), PubMed, and Scopus were used. The keywords used were human-centricity, sustainable development goals, Energy 5.0, Mining 5.0, Oil and Gas 5.0, Industry 5.0, fossil energy sources, energy transition, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, as well as the Internet of Everything, generative artificial intelligence, and digital tees.

Figure 3 shows the distribution of publications analyzed in this review by source.

The data in Figure 3 indicate that most of the publications reviewed (99 out of 125) were published in scientific journals, monographs, and sections in scientific books. This indicates a significant foundation for future research in the transition to Energy 5.0 in the context of achieving the sustainable development goals. As for the area of researchers’ interest (according to some search keywords), its structure is presented in Figure 4.

As can be seen in Figure 4, since 2022, there has been a sharp increase in the interest of researchers in the problems of Industry 5.0 expansion in general and a weakening of attention to Industry 4.0 as the starting point of the transition to it. A similar picture is observed for Industry 5.0 platforms in the extractive sector—Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0, the growth of interest in which is associated with weakening interest in Mining 4.0 and Oil and Gas 4.0. As for the analysis of issues of human-centricity as a key property of Industry 5.0 and its platforms in the mineral resource sector, the interest in it is quite new and can clearly be traced since 2022. Therefore, the development of research and publication activity in these areas should become a guarantee for the establishment of research on the transition to Energy 5.0 on a scientific basis in the context of achieving the sustainable development goals.

3. Inheritance by Human-Centric Production of Industry 5.0 of Digital Technologies of Industry 4.0, and Their Evolution in Energy 5.0

The transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 is stipulated by the following factors: improvement of digital twins of physical systems, radically increasing labor productivity in industry; replacing people as operators by managers of robotic collaborative production systems; transferring to artificial intelligence the functions of ensuring accident-free operation and continuity of production; iterative modeling of various processes using machine learning; and transition from corporate to industry strategies as a means of managing markets [22]. In this case, the worker is transferred from the periphery (robot operator) to the center of production processes, which is considered as a sustainability factor in the industrial sector and its dependence on the extraction of energy resources. Therefore, the complexity of the Energy Transition requires the involvement of not only firms and consumers in human-centric digital communications, but also the education system, which should contribute to changing people’s behavior towards a careful attitude towards natural resources and energy [23], which should affect, first of all, entrepreneurship (E-Business 5.0) [24].

The problems of a digital revolution in the electric power industry, accompanying the development of the Energy 4.0 platform, must be resolved during the expansion of Energy 5.0. These problems include the following:

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The need for a fundamentally new digital information technology infrastructure that is resistant to cyber-attacks and has two orders of magnitude greater throughput and analytical capacity;

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The lack of a single platform, including hardware and operating systems, allowing the integration of smart meters, advanced “smart” energy storage devices, high-voltage direct current transmission, and flexible alternating current transmission systems, based on common digital protocols;

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The guaranteed uninterrupted supply of electricity and prevention of shortages during peak hours and peak electricity costs against the backdrop of insufficient consumer awareness of problems in the energy sector [25].

In general, the context of energy sector technologies’ evolution in the cascade of Industrial Revolutions is reflected in Figure 5.

In relation to the transformation of energy production, the movement of industry itself in development from the First Revolution to the Fifth is subject to such principles as the non-linear growth of the impact on climate, increase in energy consumption by infrastructure sectors (including digital), and the concentration of energy production from fossil sources in developing countries. Therefore, the Fifth Industrial Revolution is expected to change the trend in increasing load on the fossil fuel sector that has been formed since the end of the 18th century, which should take the place of supporting energy production from renewable sources, thanks to the new principle of the expansion of human–machine collaboration.

In power production and fossil fuel extraction, the deployment of human–machine collaboration against the backdrop of Industry 5.0 is shaping a new “energy landscape” characterized by the adaptability, efficiency, and sustainability of decentralized systems and human–machine interfaces, which allows Energy 5.0 to be characterized as a closed-loop production platform of energy supply and global connectivity of the use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources [26].

For the values of Society 5.0 (the transition from traditional resource-based growth models to a balance between economic prosperity, environmental health, and social inclusion) [27], the development of Energy 5.0 technologies means a new round of development of energy management—“…a set of interrelated or interacting elements for establishing energy policy and energy goals, as well as processes and procedures to achieve these goals”, according to the ISO 50001 standard [28], as well as the emergence of a new energy policy (Figure 6) [29].

The transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0 means using energy management as a way of reducing operating costs through the introduction of smart technologies, but also mitigating the environmental impact through the use of renewable energy sources and improving energy storage. The Industry 4.0 technologies themselves, transforming into the human-centric systems of Industry 5.0, make it possible to transfer the Internet of Things sensors and automated control to the development of renewable energy sources and the improvement of waste-free combustion of fossil fuels, mitigate the environmental impact and achieve long-term cost savings in Energy 5.0 [30]. In this light, it is important that the digital core of Energy 4.0 coincides with the core of Mining and Oil and Gas 4.0. Therefore, in line with the digital transformation of the energy sector, the development of end-to-end technologies such as artificial intelligence, Big Data analytics, advanced Web technologies, the Internet of Things, and “smart” machines will ensure a synchronous transition to Energy, Mining, and Oil and Gas 5.0 from the 2030s. (Figure 7) [31].

It should be noted that the Internet of Things devices (in the future, the Internet of Everything) generate huge amounts of data in Industry 5.0, the storage and processing of which requires ever-increasing volumes of energy. Thanks to the development of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) integration processes, in Industry 5.0 machines will be able to learn from human interaction and adapt accordingly to the energy constraints of increasing environmental pressure on the one hand, and growing energy needs on the other [32]. Therefore, it is indicative to turn to the prospects for the development of nuclear energy in the context of the transition to Energy 5.0 (Nuclear Energy 5.0), the technological basis of which is part of the virtual digital industry together with the Internet of Mind, automation of knowledge generation, artificial intelligence development, industrial blockchain, and system coevolution [33].

Another trend in the transition to Energy 5.0 is associated with the development of fundamentally new systems—Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) and Long-Duration Energy Storage System (LDES). They will allow the full integration of macro- and microgrids from renewable and non-renewable energy sources to stabilize the energy systems of the future—larger ones, with a high share of hydrogen energy (Figure 8) [34].

In close connection with the energy storage systems of the future, an important trend in the transition to Energy 5.0 is the use of virtual power plants—a network of decentralized power units, adaptable power consumers, and storage devices that integrate sources of non-renewable energy (thermal power plants) and renewable—decentralized wind power plants, solar parks, and thermal power plants (Figure 9). It is expected that by 2028, the global market for virtual power plants will have reached USD 6.5 billion [35].

“Smart Grids” are a key trend in Energy 5.0, proclaiming a new era of reliability, accessibility, and efficiency in the energy industry, thanks to the ultra-efficient distribution of electricity using intelligent algorithms for balancing current and future power demand, as well as its production by the traditional combustion of fossil fuels and the use of renewable sources. Such algorithms are based on artificial intelligence that controls devices connected to the Internet of Things (up to 50 billion are expected by 2030), since Smart Grids, as their large consumer of autonomous connected devices, process huge volumes of data. In Smart Grids, the Internet of Things is used to collect information from equipment using associated smart sensors and devices through application interfaces [36]. This makes Energy 5.0 a model of distributed energy of the future, in which the massive introduction of renewable energy sources is impossible without Smart Grids that will allow consumers to make decisions autonomously about reducing power consumption and CO₂ emissions. Automation technologies for heterogeneous devices that can regulate their consumption depending on changes in energy and its prices, interactive communication between people and controllers, tools for modeling the load on energy systems, and forecasting consumption will be developed within the framework of generative artificial intelligence [37].

With the help of Smart Grids, energy costs can be radically decreased by reducing the number of dispatch operations and management costs required for utilities, “cutting” peak demand, with the typical elimination of power outages. Along with this, the digital platform of “Smart Grids” can be formed on the basis of blockchain—a constantly updated distributed registry that allows many nodes in the network to carry out many monitored exchanges of information [38]. The functioning of the “Smart Grid” based on the Internet of Everything (Industry 5.0 technologies) is shown in Figure 10.

Blockchain technologies are recognized as ideal for energy audit and management, allowing to solve the main problem of the transition to Energy 5.0—cybersecurity and data loss. In addition, without an energy audit, it is impossible to assess the success of those unprecedented investments in Industry 5.0 technologies, which are necessary for the formation and development of human-centric cyber systems in the energy sector [39]. The integration of blockchain technologies and distributed registry methods is seen as an attempt to improve the management of the “Smart Grid” through the transition to a policy of trust management and the complete decentralization of peripheral power consumption infrastructure, for example, charging electric vehicles [40]. The roadmap for the development of Smart Grids based on blockchain is given in Figure 11.

Another key technology of the Energy 5.0 platform is artificial neural networks, the widespread use of which in the energy sector will create a fundamentally new approach to monitoring power consumption, all the necessary data for which are not always available. In this light, it is neural networks that can replace missing empirical data with calculated and predictive ones, with the simultaneous validation of decisions made on newly received information in real time [41]. Along with this, one cannot but agree with a broader understanding of neural network’s place in Energy 5.0, in which they cover the following areas:

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Cybersecurity—neural networks are able to detect anomalies and assess risks in real time in a vast network of devices connected to the Internet of Things;

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Human–machine interface—creation of intuitive and convenient interfaces for human interaction with complex industrial processes, which creates the basis for the smooth exchange of information and knowledge between people and artificial intelligence;

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A combination of machine learning with blockchain technology, in which artificial intelligence algorithms can analyze transactions to prevent fraud, and the blockchain guarantees the integrity of information created by artificial intelligence;

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Edge computing, which, by combining machine learning and Big Data sources, reduces dependence on a centralized infrastructure, which facilitates the autonomous operation of complex energy devices and faster decision-making without human intervention in conditions of information lack;

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The use of 6G networks, which increases the performance and scalability of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications, which ensures their integration with a radically larger number of connected devices (“smart sensors”) without additional delays in processing and transmitting information [42].

Generative artificial intelligence as one of the “core” technologies of Energy 5.0 allows the virtual modeling of changes in systems made up of thousands of “connected” devices in real time, secure data management, and the global optimization of using fossil energy resources. Opportunities in automating data collection processes from smart sensors in real time open up the possibilities for increasing the efficiency of hybrid energy systems, including power production from renewable and non-renewable sources, as well as virtual generators and new generation energy storage devices for balancing them [43].

With the help of artificial neural networks, which are trained using genetic algorithms and multi-agent systems, it is possible to optimize controllable loads on autonomous microgrids. This will be especially important at a time when distributed renewable sources exceed non-renewable sources in terms of power production capacity. At the same time, as a result of the development of distributed computing in Smart Grids, possible cyber-attacks can lead to a failure of the computing infrastructure in energy companies and a violation of confidentiality, which, in turn, will lead to failures in generation and denial of providing service to consumers [44].

Writing about the business models of the Energy 5.0 platform, it should be mentioned that they focus on providing consumers with energy-related services, more flexible—holistic solutions, such as increasing energy efficiency, replacing non-renewable energy sources with renewable energy sources of equal capacity, monitoring, and management of power consumption. In Energy as an Integrated Service concept, companies’ goals are not to maximize energy sales, but to help customers optimize power consumption, reduce costs, and improve overall operational efficiency. Energy as an integrated service is based on contracts in which suppliers guarantee energy savings and assume certain financial and operational risks of renewable energy projects. In addition, “Energy as an integrated service” includes the integration of Industry 5.0 technologies, such as “Smart” meters, IoT devices, and autonomous systems for automating power consumption and operational efficiency, scalable up or down depending on changing energy needs [45].

The smart energy ecosystem of Energy 5.0, based on such services as a smart outage scheduler, power consumption controller, and an environmental impact calculator, involves the use of neural networks to analyze data coming from smart meters installed on physical objects, which are discretized into virtual circuits—the structures of real enterprises (Figure 12) [46].

The digital ecosystem embodied in the EU project BRIDGES 5.0 (as a part of the larger EU Horizon project) is quite applicable to Energy 5.0 since it focuses on the synergy between digital and human potential. It allows an understanding of how jobs will change in Industry 4.0 and what competencies Industry 5.0 will require from workers in order to adapt to the energy companies. In Energy 5.0, digital jobs with new professional standards based on the use of digital human-centric technologies will be in demand. On this basis, the BRIDGES 5.0 project includes an expanded concept of the “Learning Factory”, on the basis of which social innovations in the field of learning can be formed [47]. An approach to developing competencies for working in a digital human-centric environment, suitable for the future energy platform—Energy 5.0—“Man in the Cycle”, involves training workers who control and direct automation processes using expert knowledge to train neural networks, in parallel perceiving the information received from them. Along with this, human-centered service design makes it possible to create new complex products (services) for energy consumers in various forms and to develop adaptive service models [48].

Thus, the human-centricity of Energy 5.0 is considered by most authors to be the development of power production focused on the safety of an individual and the entire society (including cyber and environmental safety) in the context of achieving the sustainable development goals. However, when analyzing technologies that ensure such human-centric sustainable development of the extraction of fossil hydrocarbons and the production of sustainable energy, most authors appeal to the end-to-end technologies of Industry 4.0, which, of course, are evolving, which is expected to cause in the foreseeable future the Fifth Industrial Revolution. In this regard, it is important to conduct a more detailed analysis of Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0 technologies, as it determines the sustainable development of the most conservative industry segments in terms of the Energy Transition.

4. Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0 as Components of the Energy 5.0 Technology Platform

In the concept and platform, Society 5.0 changes the principles of managing land and subsoil problems, thanks to which human life will be ensured in conditions of unprecedented growth in consumer needs and opportunities that provide Industry 5.0 with all its human-centricity. Artificial intelligence makes it possible to create complex scenario development models that fill the ontological gap in the concept of Industry 4.0 connected with the failure of achieving the global sustainable development goals, concerning the lean subsoil use and depriving of future generations. The transition to new technological platforms for the extraction of fossil energy resources—Mining 4.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0—is possible on the basis of matrices development for the subsoil management requirements. They primarily coordinate the values of the energy sector with the demands of a society for sustainable development, focused on people, and not on business entities [49].

In previous works, we promoted the values of the Mining 4.0 concept as a geotechnology of the 21st century, which focused on a radical increase in labor productivity and the spread of unmanned Industry 4.0 technologies, without due attention to the demand of society not only for accessible and cheap, but also sustainable and green energy, as well as the emerging contradiction between the benefits for developing countries from the production of cheap energy from fossil sources and the benefits for developed countries from the transition to renewable energy sources [50].

In turn, the transition to Mining 5.0 is intended to help resolve this contradiction in the process of introducing digital Computer Integrated Mining (CIM) systems—connecting digital systems for planning and managing the processes of open-pit and underground mining, enrichment of mineral raw materials, especially fossil energy resources, ensuring environmental safety, into unified IT systems of mining enterprises and the industry as a whole, in which there will be no “gray” areas of digitalization, and information about the current need for the extraction of fossil energy resources will be analyzed in real time [51]. In other words, the transition to Mining 5.0 is determined both by the needs of society in achieving the above sustainable development goals (a criterion for a human-centric economy), but also by the high digital maturity of mining enterprises. Digital maturity is the degree of involvement of an individual enterprise and an entire industry in the process of saturation with end-to-end digital technologies. Using the example of the diffusion of Industry 4.0 technologies, we can trace the penetration of digital end-to-end technologies into the extraction of energy resources and the production of energy from non-renewable sources (Figure 13).

In relation to Mining 5.0 as an integral component of Industry 5.0, its end-to-end technologies (transforming the entire industry) are self-educating collaborative robots, Data Mining by machines, ubiquitous machine learning, and the integration of the physical and virtual world into Big Data. In turn, the innovative technologies of Mining 5.0 as such include digital twins based on Data Mining, smart contracts in the raw materials market powered by neural links, the replacement of people by collaborative robots in mines and quarries, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The global nature of the diffusion of data from innovative components of geotechnology suggests the support of artificial intelligence in the analysis of Big Data from a variety of “smart sensors” and Data Mining when making engineering and management decisions [52]. Accelerating the transition to Green Mining involves the use of artificial intelligence to analyze Big Data in the field of intensity of raw materials and energy consumption by all industries [53]. Further, machine learning of collaborative robots will make people completely free from working underground and from dangerous and harmful areas of open-pit mining [54], which is fully consistent with the human-oriented production of Mining 5.0, with the priority of protecting health and restoring damaged areas [55]. The very development of research in the field of convergence of mining, digital, lean, and circular technologies of Industry 5.0 takes the form of a “Triple and Quadruple Helix” of innovative cooperation between power and minerals producers, universities, government, and local communities [56].

The works of A. Massaro discuss technological and organizational issues of the transition to Industry 5.0 technologies. According to the author, the monitoring of processes in various industries is supposed to be carried out with the help of Process Mining—the use of the latest developments in the field of artificial intelligence, enhancing decisions in operational processes, based on risk analysis, predicting breakdowns and equipment shutdowns [57]. Process Mining is dynamic, and allows systems based on machine-to-machine artificial intelligence and on feedback systems to make decisions automatically in real time [58], which is extremely important for the formation of human-centric energy control systems. For manufacturers and users of mining and energy equipment, the transition to Industry 5.0 means the full transfer of defect classification, predictive maintenance, failure prediction, design optimization, and load optimization to artificial intelligence [59]. The operation of self-adaptive systems based on the maximum possible implementation of artificial intelligence in industrial robotics and production management [60] should also be built around Process Mining as a part of the complex production structure of Industry 5.0.

Further technological modernization of the mining industry to the level of Industry 5.0 is associated with “Smart Mining”—the processes of the extraction and primary processing of solid minerals carried out by collaborative robots and controlled by generative artificial intelligence. In the development of these processes, specific risks arise in the generation of excessive amounts of information, which are not critical for the modernization of the extraction of fossil energy resources, but, nevertheless, can slow down this process [61]. Minimizing such risks is possible during the transition from cyber-physical systems (Industry 4.0) to cyber-physical–social systems (Industry 5.0) in all three spheres—physical, mental, and artificial. Accordingly, Mining 5.0 promotes the “6S” values: Safety, Security, Sustainability, Sensitivity, Service, and Smartness [62]. From the point of view of the evolution of Industry 4.0 technologies to level 5.0, the transition to Mining 5.0 is advisable to consider in the context of the development of the “Cloud Mining” concept with the total digitalization of five trends in the extraction of fossil energy resources: digital design and process management, collaborative artificial intelligence in management, Industry 5.0 competencies among employees, transfer of engineering and business collaborations to cloud systems, and cloud data processing (Figure 14) [63].

Regarding the diffusion of Industry 5.0 technologies in the oil and gas sector (Oil and Gas 5.0), we cannot help but note the little amount of research in this area. The majority of work is concentrated in the field of Industry 4.0 technologies (Oil and Gas 4.0), which demonstrates a certain conservatism of the industry in terms of the implementation of human-centric cyber systems, despite the successful digital transformation [64]. Although the digital transformation of the oil and gas industry is widely discussed, it is a relatively new area with promising opportunities for industrial practice. One should take into account the opinion that the industry as a whole is at the stage of adaptation to Industry 4.0 technologies [65]. Among the main technologies of Oil and Gas 4.0 are the Industrial Internet of Things, cloud computing, augmented reality, 3D printing, mobile solutions, and big data analysis [66]. In turn, the transition to Oil and Gas 5.0 is associated with the introduction of a conceptual structure of intelligently predictable production processes in the CSSI (Create, Share, Synthesize, and Implement) model for creating wealth using smart products, remote provision of services, intelligent machine solutions and machine-to-machine communication, and mobile cloud computing [67].

In relation to the human-centrism of Oil and Gas 5.0, there are three models of interaction between people and robots, which are implemented in stages depending on the digital maturity of the industry: “Man in the Cycle”, “Man outside the Cycle” and “Double-Circuit Model”, which has the greatest advantages [68]. Within Oil and Gas 5.0 the workers themselves will inevitably be divided into three types: biological, digital workers, and robots, who must collaborate to create sustainable human-oriented systems operating in three modes: autonomous, parallel, and expert. Key technologies that will be used by such workers include smart contracts and blockchain, digital twins, and machine learning [69]. Further, the labor of oil and gas industry workers during the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 will increasingly be driven not by digital twins, but by digital triples (D3), which bridge the processing speed gap between operators and intelligent technologies, thanks to new forms of heuristics, scalability, interoperability and adaptation. This is achieved through the integration of the Industrial Internet of Things (in the future—the Internet of Everything) with the hierarchy of digital tees, augmented reality, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (Operator 5.0) [70].

It is necessary to take into account the opinion that if Oil and Gas 4.0 is an intelligent hydrocarbon production system controlled by highly digitalized intelligent systems, then within the framework of Oil and Gas 5.0 it is already possible to consider the integration of such systems as an intelligent oil field, smart pipeline and smart oil refinery [71]. Along with this, Oil and Gas 5.0 technologies are connected with Energy 5.0 by common tools that allow companies from different countries to combat climate change—predictive generative artificial intelligence, and smart contracts [72], which are likely to be globally standardized in the process of implementing environmental projects by energy companies and their alliances [73].

In general, the factors of deep digital transformation of the Oil and Gas industry to the level of Industry 4.0 and further to 5.0 include the following: technological (introduction of unmanned equipment into oil and gas production processes), Big Data predictive analytics to optimize production modes, logistics management systems based on artificial intelligence, as well as distributed and generation systems of electricity; economic—price, investment, tax, competitive; and political, related to the impact of exogenous processes and shocks in the hydrocarbon and investment markets. The effect of these factors is manifested in additional incentives for ESG investments—the fundamentals of financing the transformation of the industry to the level of Oil and Gas 5.0 with its human-centric attitude to the environment [74].

4.1. Transformation of the Role of Fossil Resources in the Transition from Energy 4.0 to 5.0

In the process of transition to Energy 5.0 with its human- and nature-centricity, the role of fossil energy sources is changing already at the level of supplying resources for power production, the chains of which become “smart” [75] and widely include closed-loop production systems connected to marketing strategies [76]. When examined in more detail, cyber-physical human-centric technologies in “Mining 5.0” have deep intellectualization and cover all industries that extract minerals, including the Internet of Everything. As a result, the fossil fuel sector is becoming a driver rather than a brake on the transition to Energy 5.0. The diffusion of human-centric technologies of Industry 5.0 in Mining 5.0 is shown in detail in Figure 15 [77].

The new role of the mineral resource complex in the transition to Energy 5.0 is associated with the establishment of a new approach to quality management (Quality 5.0), which is directly related to the impact of the extraction and combustion of hydrocarbons on the environment and, above all, on climate. The human-centric Quality 5.0 model includes several elements in four categories: people (expanding creativity and diversity of competencies); balanced management system (flexible and constantly improving management, decision-making based on data analysis by neural networks in real time); integrated and flexible processes; and technologies (predictive analytics, scalability, and connecting devices to global networks). The development of such a model in Mining 5.0 can produce results that are significant for the transition to Energy 5.0, consisting in human–machine creation of value, problem solving, and innovative collaboration [78].

The deep processing of mineral raw materials to produce clean fuel—“blue” and “brown” hydrogen, respectively, from natural gas and coal—is possible by connecting several platforms of Industry 5.0—Energy 5.0, Oil and Gas 5.0, Mining 5.0, and Nanomaterials 5.0. While nanotechnology is revolutionizing energy storage solutions, especially in batteries, nanogrids and nanosensors are taking smart energy distribution to the next level of environmental friendliness and performance, and nanotechnology is increasing the efficiency of catalytic processes in sustainable hydrogen fuel production [79].

4.2. Human-Centric Technologies for Fossil Fuel Extraction and Energy Production

The human-centricity of Mining 5.0 is manifested in the integration of the core business of mining companies with information technologies for managing logistics and personnel using cloud technologies, resources, and services. As a result, a new regime for managing mining industry clusters is being formed based on five pillars: digital data, digital technologies, digital talent, cloud business, and cooperation (Figure 16). All this is built against the backdrop of strengthening the ESG factor of investing and the social responsibility of companies, the development of post-mining, and ESG transformation. Along with this, the introduction of closed-cycle technologies in the mining sector, biochemical technologies for the extraction of mineral resources, and cutting-edge technologies for protecting worker health will accelerate the transition to “green mining” and sustainable development [80].

Domain technologies, which form the core of Energy 5.0 cyber-physical systems, are capable of radically transforming hydrocarbon production platforms (Mining 5.0, and Oil and Gas 5.0) into sustainable and human-centric ones. Such domain technologies include machine intelligence technologies based on the deep integration of artificial intelligence with human knowledge—intelligent perception, autonomous cognition, intelligent decision making, and management. They make it possible to unprecedentedly increase the flexibility of production systems in the mineral resource complex and adapt hydrocarbon production to green energy standards [81].

Domain technologies of generative artificial intelligence, today embodied in ChatGPT, make it possible to solve the problems of forecasting the need for energy and its sources systematically with expected short-, medium-, and long-term climate changes (including wind and solar activity—the main sources of renewable energy), cybersecurity and optimization of power consumption [82]. Likewise, domain technologies of Energy 5.0, which contribute to the transformation of hydrocarbon production technologies to the level of Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0, include digital twins of production processes, workers, and equipment, as well as virtual enterprises. Having begun to take shape at the stage of the development of Industry 4.0, gradually progressing and becoming more complex, they make it possible to achieve high digital maturity in the extraction and primary processing of mineral raw materials due to the ability to create and fill digital ecosystems that take mining processes to an unprecedented level of optimization [83].

4.3. The Zero Emissions Imperative in Energy 5.0 Production

Industry 5.0 aims to strike a balance between economic and environmental value, and Energy 5.0 sustainability is the basis for manufacturers to adapt to the requirements for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For example, to optimize the power consumption of a Smart City, smart sensors and Big Data analytics are used to achieve optimal load on distributed generation, and energy storages. In general, the growth of digital integration and the ability of Energy 5.0 to synergize green knowledge helps to reduce energy losses and carbon dioxide emissions [84].

Platforms at the level of the Fifth Technological Revolution (Energy 5.0, Mining 5.0, Oil and Gas 5.0) are aimed at digitalizing environments where human errors can have catastrophic environmental consequences and are directly related to massive emissions of greenhouse gasses (endogenous fires in coal and peat deposits, explosions and fires in oil and gas fields). Therefore, the task of reducing the risks of man-made disasters, even to the point of gradual prevention, is set before augmented reality tools and systems for intelligent fault detection and maintenance management [85], as well as hybrid and additive manufacturing. These Industry 5.0 tools make it possible to create virtual catalogs of spare parts and cyclical models of detection and elimination experience, which themselves constantly update their databases for predictive maintenance—the key to preventing accidents at mining and energy facilities with serious environmental consequences [86] (intellectual deposits) [87].

An important role in reducing CO₂ emissions is played by the digitalization of new oil and gas fields’ exploration, in which the use of “smart” sensors, artificial intelligence, and virtual 3D modeling makes it possible to model the need for investment in power production from renewable and non-renewable sources [88]. In general, oil and gas exploration is a knowledge-intensive process in which efficient operations and commercial success depend on knowledge management processes, which in Industry 4.0 are seen as an area of artificial intelligence expansion, and in Industry 5.0—human-centric systems. The advent of generative AI chatbots, such as ChatGPT, is changing traditional ways of managing knowledge, which means additional opportunities for planning the extraction and combustion of fossil energy resources not only at the national level, but at the global level, which will significantly affect the global CO₂ emissions [89]. In practice, this looks most likely upon completion of the stage of digital transformation of the oil and gas industry, at which the industry will have only “smart” fields, “smart” pipelines, and “smart” oil refineries and thermal power plants [90], which can be characterized as a transition from Oil and Gas 4.0 to 5.0.

In turn, the obstacles to the deep digitalization and system integration of “smart” oil and gas industry facilities based on the industrial Internet are the high cost of implementation, cultural changes (including different countries’ understanding of the importance of reducing CO₂ emissions), and the lack of advanced digital competencies among the majority of employees [91]. Further exploration of the obstacles facing the transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0 is considered in the context of the intellectualization of global supply chains in the oil and gas industry. Along with these supply chains, it is advisable to establish cooperation between countries producing oilfield service equipment and countries producing hydrocarbons in the field of reducing CO₂ emissions [92,93].

It is also impossible to ignore the opinion about the direct connection between investments of oil and gas companies in green energy technologies and the concentration of capital in raw materials holding companies, which is growing as digital technologies are introduced into production and asset management [94]. This fits into the concept of “digital management policy” of the national oil and gas industry, which provides a number of environmental advantages of Oil and Gas 5.0: the continuous calculation of risks and forecasting of CO₂ emissions; artificially intelligent monitoring of technological and environmental safety; reducing the likelihood of deviations from optimal CO₂ emission regimes at fields, oil and gas processing enterprises; and transfer of competencies to the level of robotic systems. The limiting factor in the transition to digital management is the rapid development of digital technologies over production and resource ones (Figure 17) [95].

A significant step towards the decarbonization of the economy is the intellectualization of well operations (drilling, influx stimulation, operation, and conservation), by achieving the maximum level of control in artificial intelligence systems, and reducing the influence of the human factor on the increase in accident rates in drilling and field operations [96,97]. In general, the digitalization of hydrocarbon production and combustion as a means of decarbonizing the economy requires increasing the level and relevance of workers’ digital skills to the level of managing human-centric systems in the oil and gas industry [98], mainly in integrating production technologies into intelligent management systems, with an emphasis on generative artificial intelligence, the Industrial Internet of Everything, and deep analysis of Big Data [99].

4.4. Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Fossil Extractive Countries within the Framework of Energy 5.0

Over the past two decades, the transition to Industry 4.0 technologies in the fuel and energy sector has reduced related CO₂ emissions by 27% (more than 200 Mt per year) [100]. The adoption of the report “Industry 5.0—Towards a sustainable, human-centric and resilient European industry” by the European Commission in 2021 [101] identified a new round of digitalization of the energy sector. It included the design and production of renewable energy systems as the main way to combat change in climate, and natural disasters caused by greenhouse gas emissions (fires, droughts and floods, reduction in glaciers, and displacement of water areas). According to the European Commission, there are two obstacles to the implementation of such a factor of sustainable development as the expansion of Energy 5.0—the exponential complication of software and robotics, and the associated lag in the competencies of a significant mass of people involved in fossil extraction and production energy [102]. The solution to these problems seems possible with the synchronous formation of an environmental and digital culture, characterized by the priority of the principles of sustainable development in the development of cyber-physical systems for the fuel and energy sector [103].

It is worth noting the original concept of “Blue Wind Energy”, which is designed to guarantee the development of a sustainable segment of the energy sector, combining the generation of offshore wind energy with the advanced cyber-physical technologies of Industry 5.0, in particular, generative artificial intelligence and the Internet of Everything. In particular, Blue Wind Energy is based on the use of air-borne wind turbines connected to ground stations. This plays a special role in providing green energy to highly urbanized areas [104]. Other concepts for providing large cities and megacities with sustainable green energy include Intelligent Transport Systems that link power consumption and energy saving with the development of construction on the one hand, and Smart Home systems on the other [105].

The very place of Industry 5.0 and Energy 5.0 in achieving the sustainable development goals is determined by the ability to create a continuum of scenarios to identify, analyze, and find ways to reduce technical, environmental, and economic risks associated with the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 [106]. The set of such scenarios is presented in Figure 18.

Scenarios for reducing risks for specific people, including those suffering from lung diseases due to excess concentrations of harmful emissions from the combustion of hydrocarbons, are supported by the strategy of joint-weighted deep extreme machine learning (FDEML) to improve the prediction of cancer and other diseases [107]. In Industry 5.0, health care systems based on artificial intelligence are an important component of the Internet of Things, endowing its future prototype—the Internet of Everything—with critical thinking tools, which will reduce subjective opposition to initiatives in the field of achieving the sustainable development goals [108].

To be truly sustainable, Energy 5.0 must create a digital environment of circular processes that reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions, and reuse materials obtained from hydrocarbon extraction, thus integrating into the circular economy [109], developing the technologies of “smart energy production” [110]. The difference in approaches to sustainable development between Industry 4.0 and 5.0 is that the latter demonstrates a focused and environmentally cautious attitude towards the exploitation of fossil energy resources due to the human-oriented design of new energy systems, as well as higher digital readiness for the implementation of power-saving technologies [111].

In general, human-centric approaches within the framework of Industry 5.0 technologies make it possible to harmonize technological achievements and global social needs declared by the sustainable development goals by creating an effective environment for the mass implementation of digital twins of environmentally harmful and dangerous processes for “compression” of their place in technological chains [112]. This is expected to become especially important after 2050, when urbanization will reach 68% of the world population, and smart grids using the Internet of Things sensors, predictive data modeling and automation will help balance the load between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy, and its consumption for industrial, infrastructure, and utility needs. Anticipating local peaks and valleys ahead of time will encourage the alignment of power consumption with off-peak load patterns, which means fairer and safer access to cheaper energy. At the same time, 6G communication technologies with the efficient use of spectrum provide information on air pollution from the combustion of fossil energy carriers, which can allow a more flexible use of non-renewable energy sources [113]. This corresponds to the concept of socially oriented quality of products and services of Industry 5.0 [114], in which intelligent transport systems of “smart cities” with safer, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly means of public and personal transport will play a significant role [115]. Thus, by integrating various aspects of power consumption in the “smart cities” of the future, Energy 5.0 “penetrates” all the aspects of creating sustainable development values in Industry 5.0 (Figure 19).

In such a system of green sustainable energy production, the platform for which is Energy 5.0, an important place is occupied by “clean” methods of mining (Green Mining), the success of transition to which is determined by the analysis of the intensity of using raw materials and energy in manufacturing industries by Big Data [117]. That is performed to reduce the risks of ESG investments in fossil fuel extraction, which prioritize environmental, social, and corporate responsibility—the practical basis for the real achievement of many sustainable development goals [118]. In particular, Green Surface Mining is directly related to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which can be achieved with the widespread use of trained neural networks in the design of electricity production from coal dust and methane from coal seams for broadly utilizing the quarry overburden as a building material [119]. In addition, another example is the use of a biochemical method for extracting raw materials from poor deposits and from overburden dumps (using the RNA modification of certain bacteria—phages)—a non-land-intensive and non-energy-intensive method of extracting fossil raw materials [120].

Along with the sustainable extraction of fossil fuels and the production of clean energy with a minimal carbon footprint, the transition to Industry 5.0 presents the opportunity to change the nature of labor for workers in mining and energy industries to a sustainable one (Operator 5.0). This “employee resilience” includes such types as self-stability (emotional), engineering resilience (cognitive), and adaptive resilience, which characterize competencies in the field of sustainable development goals and the will to achieve them [121]. For the investors and managers of industrial enterprises, the sustainable nature of thoughts and actions in accordance with the imperative of transition to Industry 5.0 means the transformation of the ESG concept into EICSG (Environment, Intelligent, Cyber, Social, Governance). Its ecosystem is “…a complex convergent system, in which environmental sustainability, human and artificial intelligence capabilities, cyber-social integration and good governance interact to create a new level of co-evolution, synergy and emergence to achieve sustainable industrial systems”. The EICSG system can consistently combine such concepts of sustainable development as circular, green, blue, and bioeconomy; “cradle to cradle”; eco-innovation and regenerative design; and industrial symbiosis [122].

Ultimately, the symbiotic use of Energy 5.0 approaches as a part of Industry 5.0 towards sustainable development is based on the joint work of artificial intelligence technologies and people to improve procedures for the production of energy carriers [123], management of “electronic waste” and regulation of load on networks due to the expansion of data centers and electric transport, as evidenced by the positive experience of Singapore [124]. A number of countries in the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar) are successfully achieving the significant goal of using associated gas as a green source of thermal energy, thanks to the formation of a modern digital industrial infrastructure and the concentration of innovative activities in the fuel and energy sector [125]. It is also impossible not to note the prospects of a transition to low-carbon liquids and gasses (low-carbon hydrogen, biomethane, and liquid biofuels) as a stage of the Energy Transition, which is expected to peak in parallel with the deployment of Energy 5.0 [126].

The transition to Energy 5.0 is inseparable from the fight against global warming because of greenhouse gas emissions. As a measure to advance towards reducing the impact of renewable energy on the climate, CO₂ capture and utilization using the latest chemical technologies, such as Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, is being considered [127,128].

Thus, the analysis of works in the field of human-centric development of the Energy 5.0 platform made it possible to identify its multidimensional nature associated with the need to integrate the achievement of sustainable development goals in fossil extractive countries within the framework of Energy 5.0. In particular, it concerns zero CO₂ emissions to combat climate change and the technological transformation of the fossil energy extraction role required for this. The multifaceted nature of research on the transition to Energy 5.0 is also related to the change in the nature of labor and competencies of employees in the fuel and energy sector—with their development to the level of Industry 5.0 and understanding of the sustainable development goals and ways to achieve them.

5. Conclusions and Prospects

The modern Fourth Energy Transition, associated with the expansion of the share of renewable energy sources in the total volume of its production, coincides with the formation of the prerequisites for the Fifth Industrial Revolution (Industry 5.0). Its technologies are capable of radically transforming the sector of power production from fossil sources in the context of a balanced achievement of the UN’s sustainable development goals, such as providing affordable energy (especially relevant for developing countries) and climate conservation. The emerging technology platform Energy 5.0 differs from Energy 4.0 in the human-centricity of digital technologies with artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, machine learning, blockchain, digital twins, etc. Such human-centricity is formed, on the one hand, by the process of evolution of the basic technologies of Industry 4.0 into collaborative cyber systems (co-bots, digital tees, generative artificial intelligence, smart enterprises and cities, etc.), on the other hand, a stronger involvement of the fuel and energy sector in increasing environmental, energy security, and responsible consumption.

This review reflects the results of research by authors from different countries, detailing the perception and understanding of the transition of the modern energy sector, in which the use of renewable resources predominates and digitalization is increasing, to a new development model based on the Energy 5.0 platform. Associated with it are global expectations for the complete and sustainable provision of humanity with energy needs, which increase with the digitalization of various aspects of personal and public life and the expansion of electric transport. At the same time, the transition from Energy 4.0 to 5.0 must be seamless; that is, it must minimize all the risks connected with the Fourth Energy Transition, associated with the danger of energy underproduction and failures in power consumption caused by cyber-attacks and human factors. The works of many authors (monographs and sections in monographs, scientific and review articles, and conference materials) note that the deep digitalization of power production and extraction of fossil energy resources according to the human-centric principle can create a balanced sustainable production of traditional and green energy, minimizing the impact on the environment and maximizing energy availability. This is achieved through the transformation of the Internet of Things into the Internet of Everything, individual neural networks into generative artificial intelligence integrated with robots, digital twins into digital tees, and smart enterprises and cities into smart industries and clusters.

Such domain technologies of Industry 5.0, forming the Energy 5.0 platform, are capable of meeting growing energy needs through flexible collaborative and digitalized hydrocarbon production (Mining 5.0 and Oil and Gas 5.0) and reducing the contribution of energy to climate change. The new image of the fuel and energy sector in the second half of the 21st century appears as a safe and energy-efficient complete extraction of fossil raw materials, their combustion with minimal impact on the environment, achieving a post-industrial level of production flexibility, with intelligent management of energy networks, allowing to avoid overloads and failures in renewable energy (“Duck Curve”) due to their compensation with precisely calibrated volumes of combustion of fossil energy sources. A special role in the diffusion of Industry 5.0 technologies in the fuel and energy sector is given to post-mining and the use of fossil hydrocarbons for the production of hydrogen fuel, as well as collaborative robots in the area of intensive mining and hazardous mineral processing processes, intelligent cybersecurity technologies and cloud mining.

In turn, the limitations of the transition to Energy 5.0 are stipulated by the presence of both objective and subjective barriers to the transformation of high-performance digital systems of Industry 4.0 into human-centric ultra-high-performance cyber systems of Industry 5.0. In particular, objective barriers are associated with increasing cybersecurity risks as artificial intelligence systems, the Internet of Everything, digital tees, and collaborative robots become more complex, as well as with the unpredictability of market energy prices. We should also remember the breakthrough, uneven nature of scientific and technological progress, which cannot be predicted to the proper extent.

Subjective barriers to the transition to Energy 5.0 are associated, first of all, with the lag in the development of employees’ competencies at the Industry 5.0 level. They are also connected with a lack of understanding of the importance of human- and nature-centric development of digital technologies in the fuel and energy sector to achieve the goals of sustainable development among investors, managers, and engineers. The answers to these challenges and limitations lie in broader research in the field of Energy 5.0, Mining, and Oil and Gas 5.0 technologies, promoting an understanding of them as a unique way to achieve sustainable development goals related to industry and climate. They are also concerned with the research in the field of creating a positive attitude towards rational power consumption and ESG support (in the new terminology—EICSG investments). From the transition to Energy 5.0, we should expect the fuel and energy sector of the industry to be removed from the list of significant threats to the environment, as well as to solve the problem of power supply for development on a global scale.

In general, the industrial importance of the current work is to identify and validate the development paths of the fossil fuel extraction sector in anticipation of the transition to Industry 4.0, discussed in the scientific community. That allows giving guidelines to developers and users of digital human-centric technologies of Mining 5.0, Oil and Gas 5.0, and Energy 5.0 regarding the prospects for investing in these platforms and the demand for their products. Also, mineral resource-extracting companies can use the findings and provisions of this work in forecasting the need for deep technological modernization.