Perspectives of Electricity Production from Biogas in the European Union
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What is the production of biogas in the world?
- How has the production of electricity from biogas changed in 2012–2021 in the EU?
- What is the future of electricity production from biogas in the EU?
- What is the prognosis of electricity production from biogas in European Union countries?
1.1. The Role of Biogas in the Energy Strategy of the European Union (EU)
1.2. Problems and Barriers to Biogas Production
1.3. Environmental Aspects on Biogas Production
- Improvement in fertilization conditions in agricultural fields compared to raw slurry;
- Reducing the amount of nitrate nitrogen in favor of ammonium nitrogen;
- Ability to maintain humus balance in the soil;
- Destruction of weed seeds—reduction in herbicide consumption;
- Elimination of pathogens thanks to, e.g., hygienist processes;
- Reducing the use of artificial fertilizers;
- Reducing the risk of contamination in ground and surface waters, limiting the spread of pathogens contained in animal feces, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, tuberculosis bacteria, foot and mouth disease, viruses, etc.;
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Methods
- B—the delay operator;
- Y—the analyzed variable;
- E—the random component;
- θ—autoregression parameters;
- q—the amount of delay [57].
3. Results
3.1. Biogas Production in the World
3.2. Stationarity and Prognosis for Global Biogas Production
3.3. Descriptive Statistics of Electricity Production from Biogas in EU Countries in 2012–2021
3.4. Prognosis of Electricity Production from Biogas in EU Countries in 2022–2026
3.5. Hydrogen, Biomethane and Green Methanol Production in the EU
3.6. Biogas Consumption in the EU
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AD | Anaerobic digestion |
ARiMA | Autoregressive Moving Average |
BBI | Biobased Industries |
BCM | Billion cubic meters |
C | Carbon |
CH4 | Methane |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
EC | European Commission |
EU | European Union |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
GHG | Greenhouse gas |
GW | Giga Watt |
H2 | Hydrogen |
MG | Megagram |
M3 | Cubic meter |
NOx | Nitrogen oxides |
NH4 | Ammonium |
O2 | Oxygen |
PPP | Public–private partnership |
RED | Renewable Energy Directive |
RES | Renewable energy sources |
T | Ton |
USA | United States of America |
USD | United States Dollar |
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EU Countries | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union—27 countries (from 2020) | 3494.388 | 4056.994 | 4375.53 | 4626.114 | 4733.206 | 4784.927 | 4737.394 | 4728.44 | 4794.98 | 4523.057 |
Euro area—19 countries (2015–2022) | 3260.716 | 3730.544 | 3998.977 | 4227.326 | 4307.372 | 4333.192 | 4279.138 | 4271.587 | 4319.059 | 4045.928 |
Belgium | 57.051 | 66.518 | 74.936 | 82.494 | 85.408 | 80.671 | 81.23 | 81.41 | 87.24 | 83.947 |
Bulgaria | 0.05 | 1.44 | 5.334 | 10.242 | 16.408 | 18.553 | 18.254 | 19.838 | 19.401 | 18.593 |
Czechia | 126.198 | 197.213 | 222.129 | 224.502 | 222.616 | 226.936 | 224.179 | 217.376 | 223.254 | 222.939 |
Denmark | 32.464 | 32.846 | 38.765 | 39.603 | 42.855 | 48.739 | 52.565 | 53.859 | 57.833 | 52.67 |
Germany | 2348.581 | 2515.477 | 2672.915 | 2845.916 | 2898.624 | 2913.07 | 2853.052 | 2833.362 | 2880.31 | 2579.123 |
Estonia | 1.355 | 1.72 | 2.322 | 4.299 | 3.869 | 3.59 | 3.267 | 3.34 | 2.664 | 1.414 |
Ireland | 16.948 | 15.869 | 17.509 | 17.609 | 1.,882 | 17.463 | 15.829 | 16.165 | 14.424 | 14.852 |
Greece | 17.566 | 18.608 | 18.887 | 19.808 | 23.185 | 25.816 | 25.979 | 32.462 | 34.729 | 39.281 |
Spain | 74.463 | 83.663 | 77.988 | 84.437 | 77.902 | 80.911 | 79.364 | 77.73 | 75.752 | 84.179 |
France | 111.467 | 132.822 | 137.013 | 157.683 | 171.206 | 181.744 | 203.762 | 222.659 | 237.879 | 271.168 |
Croatia | 4.857 | 6.682 | 9.833 | 15.14 | 20.407 | 26.629 | 30.516 | 34.497 | 36.062 | 37.85 |
Italy | 397.238 | 640.385 | 704.94 | 706.095 | 710.123 | 713.596 | 713.634 | 711.66 | 702.188 | 698.557 |
Cyprus | 4.284 | 4.202 | 4.341 | 4.406 | 4.473 | 4.45 | 4.892 | 4.98 | 5.213 | 5.154 |
Latvia | 19.207 | 24.642 | 30.097 | 33.681 | 34.127 | 34.855 | 32.163 | 30.301 | 29.635 | 25.098 |
Lithuania | 3.611 | 5.073 | 6.707 | 7.395 | 10.576 | 10.941 | 12.029 | 13.276 | 12.846 | 13.474 |
Luxembourg | 4.97 | 4.855 | 5.203 | 5.297 | 6.251 | 6.235 | 6.489 | 6.123 | 5.432 | 5.243 |
Hungary | 18.103 | 22.972 | 24.738 | 25.193 | 28.657 | 29.923 | 28.891 | 27.601 | 27.859 | 25.365 |
Malta | 0.765 | 0.507 | 0.555 | 0.571 | 0.714 | 0.837 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.506 | 0.622 |
Netherlands | 86.73 | 84.252 | 86.456 | 89.288 | 85.454 | 79.521 | 76.667 | 76.963 | 74.794 | 70.101 |
Austria | 55.174 | 53.55 | 52.734 | 54.473 | 57.241 | 57.639 | 54.025 | 52.611 | 54.059 | 51.728 |
Poland | 48.612 | 59.305 | 70.187 | 77.936 | 88.359 | 94.276 | 96.958 | 97.593 | 106.092 | 112.41 |
Portugal | 18.011 | 21.461 | 23.826 | 25.274 | 24.467 | 24.637 | 23.334 | 22.739 | 22.31 | 23.012 |
Romania | 1.668 | 4.272 | 4.363 | 5.226 | 5.579 | 5.733 | 6.033 | 4.627 | 4.56 | 6.27 |
Slovenia | 13.165 | 12.119 | 11.156 | 11.376 | 12.221 | 11.187 | 10.219 | 8.113 | 9.717 | 8.826 |
Slovakia | 16.337 | 18.315 | 41.187 | 46.518 | 49.527 | 51.075 | 46.346 | 45.916 | 43.852 | 41.874 |
Finland | 13.793 | 26.506 | 30.205 | 30.706 | 34.122 | 34.954 | 36.087 | 31.227 | 25.509 | 28.292 |
Sweden | 1.72 | 1.72 | 1.204 | 0.946 | 0.953 | 0.946 | 0.86 | 1.462 | 0.86 | 1.032 |
Specification | Arithmetic Mean of the Dependent Variable | Mean of Random Perturbations | R-Squared Determination Coefficient | Likelihood Logarithm | Critical Bayesian Schwarz Criterion | Standard Deviation of Dependent Variable | Standard Deviation of Random Disturbances | Corrected R-Square | Critical Information Akaike Criterion | Critical Hannan–Quinn Criterion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global world biogas production | 53.340 | 0.658 | 0.905 | −12.039 | 30.514 | 9.164 | 2.687 | 0.873 | 32.077 | 27.884 |
AR | MA | |||||||||
Specification | Coefficient | Std. error | Z | p value | coefficient | Std. error | Z | p value | ||
Global world biogas production | 0.577 | 0.138 | 4.175 | 0.002 | −1.000 | 0.899 | −1.113 | 0.266 |
Specification | Prognosis | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | |||||||||
Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | Prediction | Std. Error | |
Global biogas production | 62.300 | 2.690 | 63.000 | 2.920 | 63.500 | 2.990 | 63.700 | 3.010 | 63.800 | 3.000 | 63.900 | 3.030 | 64.000 | 3.030 | 64.000 | 3.030 |
Countries | Average | Median | Minimal | Maximal | Std. Dev. | Coefficient of Variation | Skewedness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 54.323 | 54.042 | 51.728 | 57.639 | 1.9207 | 0.035358 | 0.57645 | −0.69096 |
Belgium | 78.091 | 81.320 | 57.051 | 87.240 | 9.4576 | 0.12111 | −1.2967 | 0.48233 |
Bulgaria | 12.811 | 17.331 | 0.050000 | 19.838 | 7.8629 | 0.61374 | −0.66501 | −1.2564 |
Croatia | 22.247 | 23.518 | 4.8570 | 37.850 | 12.581 | 0.56553 | −0.14034 | −1.5232 |
Cyprus | 4.6395 | 4.4615 | 4.2020 | 5.2130 | 0.37982 | 0.081866 | 0.42960 | −1.4497 |
Czechia | 210.73 | 222.78 | 126.20 | 226.94 | 30.881 | 0.14654 | −2.3467 | 3.9676 |
Denmark | 45.220 | 45.797 | 32.464 | 57.833 | 9.1299 | 0.20190 | −0.14232 | −1.4061 |
Estonia | 2.7840 | 2.9655 | 1.3550 | 4.2990 | 1.0511 | 0.37755 | −0.12421 | −1.3568 |
Finland | 29.140 | 30.456 | 13.793 | 36.087 | 6.4222 | 0.22039 | −1.3318 | 1.3409 |
France | 182.74 | 176.47 | 111.47 | 271.17 | 50.903 | 0.27855 | 0.29540 | −0.97870 |
Germany | 2734.0 | 2839.6 | 2348.6 | 2913.1 | 194.70 | 0.071212 | −0.86121 | −0.62686 |
Greece | 25.632 | 24.500 | 17.566 | 39.281 | 7.5693 | 0.29531 | 0.60054 | −0.98220 |
Hungary | 25.930 | 26.483 | 18.103 | 29.923 | 3.5112 | 0.13541 | −1.0443 | 0.44426 |
Ireland | 16.455 | 16.556 | 14.424 | 17.882 | 1.2134 | 0.073743 | −0.40709 | −1.1697 |
Italy | 669.84 | 705.52 | 397.24 | 713.63 | 98.207 | 0.14661 | −2.4519 | 4.3545 |
Latvia | 29.381 | 30.199 | 19.207 | 34.855 | 4.9939 | 0.16997 | −0.81316 | −0.34778 |
Lithuania | 9.5928 | 10.759 | 3.6110 | 13.474 | 3.6102 | 0.37634 | −0.44879 | −1.2901 |
Luxembourg | 5.6098 | 5.3645 | 4.8550 | 6.4890 | 0.60064 | 0.10707 | 0.25833 | −1.5422 |
Malta | 0.63970 | 0.59650 | 0.50600 | 0.83700 | 0.12150 | 0.18994 | 0.38421 | −1.3862 |
Netherlands | 81.023 | 81.886 | 70.101 | 89.288 | 6.2916 | 0.077653 | −0.31302 | −1.1513 |
Poland | 85.173 | 91.317 | 48.612 | 112.41 | 20.679 | 0.24278 | −0.47981 | −0.92065 |
Portugal | 22.907 | 23.173 | 18.011 | 25.274 | 2.0686 | 0.090306 | −1.2903 | 1.2214 |
Romania | 4.8331 | 4.9265 | 1.6680 | 6.2700 | 1.3206 | 0.27324 | −1.3282 | 1.3773 |
Slovakia | 40.095 | 44.884 | 16.337 | 51.075 | 12.387 | 0.30895 | −1.2823 | −0.0080354 |
Slovenia | 10.810 | 11.171 | 8.1130 | 13.165 | 1.5842 | 0.14655 | −0.31059 | −0.88804 |
Spain | 79.639 | 78.676 | 74.463 | 84.437 | 3.5403 | 0.044455 | 0.15088 | −1.2747 |
Sweden | 1.1703 | 0.99250 | 0.86000 | 1.7200 | 0.34158 | 0.29188 | 0.76945 | −1.0407 |
AR | MA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Coefficient | Std. Error | Z | p Value | Coefficient | Std. Error | z | p Value |
Austria | 0.004 | 0.604 | 0.007 | 0.994 | 0.999 | 0.374 | 2.669 | 0.008 |
Belgium | 0.803 | 0.223 | 3.601 | 0.000 | 0.447 | 0.301 | 1.487 | 0.137 |
Bulgaria | 0.849 | 0.108 | 7.838 | 0.000 | 0.489 | 0.483 | 1.013 | 0.312 |
Croatia | 0.971 | 0.056 | 17.420 | 0.000 | 0.413 | 0.656 | 0.630 | 0.529 |
Cyprus | 0.863 | 0.462 | 5.328 | 0.000 | 0.121 | 0.260 | 0.466 | 0.642 |
Czechia | 0.765 | 0.276 | 2.774 | 0.006 | 1.000 | 0.732 | 1.367 | 0.172 |
Denmark | 0.827 | 0.199 | 4.149 | 0.000 | 0.382 | 0.408 | 0.937 | 0.349 |
Estonia | 0.406 | 0.584 | 0.695 | 0.487 | 0.466 | 0.406 | 1.147 | 0.251 |
Finland | 0.588 | 0.362 | 1.625 | 0.104 | 1.000 | 0.316 | 3.168 | 0.002 |
France | 0.953 | 0.067 | 14.120 | 0.000 | 0.675 | 0.345 | 1.955 | 0.051 |
Germany | 0.501 | 0.354 | 1.415 | 0.157 | −0.162 | 1.538 | −0.105 | 0.916 |
Greece | 0.931 | 0.094 | 9.915 | 0.000 | 0.265 | 0.259 | 1.024 | 0.306 |
Hungary | 0.458 | 0.874 | 0.525 | 0.560 | 0.356 | 1.058 | 0.336 | 0.737 |
Ireland | 0.747 | 0.656 | 1.139 | 0.254 | −0.010 | 0.759 | −0.132 | 0.895 |
Italy | 0.228 | 0.039 | 5.769 | 0.000 | 0.360 | 0.349 | 1.031 | 0.302 |
Latvia | 0.536 | 0.197 | 2.724 | 0.006 | 0.999 | 0.652 | 1.534 | 0.125 |
Lithuania | 0.925 | 0.102 | 9.029 | 0.000 | 0.269 | 0.292 | 0.923 | 0.356 |
Luxembourg | 0.631 | 0.327 | 1.932 | 0.053 | 0.157 | 1.009 | 0.156 | 0.876 |
Malta | 0.000 | 0.488 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 0.600 | 0.423 | 1.418 | 0.156 |
Netherlands | 0.843 | 0.171 | 4.929 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 0.295 | 3.395 | 0.000 |
Poland | 0.875 | 0.094 | 9.258 | 0.000 | 0.112 | 0.408 | 0.275 | 0.784 |
Portugal | 0.393 | 0.524 | 0.751 | 0.453 | 0.366 | 0.459 | 0.796 | 0.426 |
Romania | 0.525 | 0.741 | 0.710 | 0.478 | 0.146 | 0.996 | 0.146 | 0.884 |
Slovakia | 0.558 | 0.119 | 4.695 | 0.000 | −0.387 | 0.436 | −0.889 | 0.374 |
Slovenia | 0.747 | 0.310 | 2.413 | 0.016 | −0.033 | 0.406 | −0.084 | 0.933 |
Spain | −0.979 | 0.209 | −4.686 | 0.000 | 0.769 | 1.339 | 0.575 | 0.566 |
Sweden | 0.626 | 0.177 | 3.543 | 0.000 | −0.999 | 0.535 | −1.867 | 0.062 |
Country | Arithmetic Mean of the Dependent Variable | Mean of Random Perturbations | R-Squared Determination Coefficient | Likelihood Logarithm | Critical Bayesian/ Schwarz Criterion | Standard Deviation of Dependent Variable | Standard Deviation of Random Disturbances | Corrected R-Square | Critical Information Akaike Criterion | Critical Hannan–Quinn Criterion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 54.229 | −0.110 | 0.524 | −15.410 | 39.609 | 2.012 | 1.341 | 0.456 | 38.820 | 37.117 |
Belgium | 78.090 | 1.631 | 0.736 | −31.169 | 71.549 | 9.457 | 4.975 | 0.703 | 70.339 | 69.011 |
Bulgaria | 14.229 | 0.166 | 0.933 | −17.617 | 44.024 | 6.851 | 1.714 | 0.924 | 43.235 | 41.533 |
Croatia | 24.180 | 0.087 | 0.984 | −15.852 | 40.493 | 11.665 | 1.408 | 0.982 | 39.704 | 38.001 |
Cyprus | 4.640 | 0.049 | 0.786 | 2.394 | 4.422 | 0.380 | 0.176 | 0.759 | 3.211 | 1.884 |
Czechia | 210.734 | 5.656 | 0.693 | −45.169 | 99.549 | 30.881 | 17.841 | 0.654 | 98.339 | 97.011 |
Denmark | 45.220 | 1.034 | 0.836 | −28.086 | 65.383 | 9.129 | 3.657 | 0.815 | 64.173 | 62.845 |
Estonia | 2.943 | 0.009 | 0.377 | −9.931 | 28.651 | 0.979 | 0.729 | 0.288 | 27.862 | 26.159 |
Finland | 29.140 | 0.912 | 0.659 | −29.111 | 67.432 | 6.422 | 3.700 | 0.616 | 66.221 | 64.894 |
France | 182.740 | 8.829 | 0.944 | −43.520 | 96.250 | 50.903 | 15.390 | 0.937 | 95.039 | 93.712 |
Germany | 2776.872 | −1.150 | 0.449 | −54.564 | 117.916 | 148.355 | 103.926 | 0.371 | 117.127 | 115.425 |
Greece | 25.632 | 1.339 | 0.895 | −26.169 | 61.549 | 7.569 | 2.919 | 0.882 | 60.338 | 59.011 |
Hungary | 26.800 | 0.004 | 0.651 | 15.058 | 38.904 | 2.315 | 1.289 | 0.601 | 38.115 | 36.413 |
Ireland | 16.400 | −0.007 | 0.354 | −12.455 | 33.699 | 1.274 | 0.966 | 0.261 | 32.910 | 31.208 |
Italy | 700.131 | 0.106 | 0.938 | −28.250 | 65.289 | 22.998 | 5.584 | 0.929 | 65.500 | 62.798 |
Latvia | 30.511 | −0.443 | 0.728 | −18.417 | 45.624 | 3.699 | 1.873 | 0.689 | 44.835 | 43.132 |
Lithuania | 9.593 | 0.667 | 0.881 | −18.474 | 46.157 | 3.610 | 1.358 | 0.866 | 44.948 | 43.621 |
Luxembourg | 5.681 | 0.007 | 0.511 | −4.295 | 17.378 | 0.591 | 0.390 | 0.441 | 16.590 | 14.887 |
Malta | 0.639 | −0.007 | 0.236 | 8.507 | −7.804 | 0.122 | 0.101 | 0.140 | −9.014 | −10.342 |
Netherlands | 81.023 | −0.584 | 0.887 | −24.298 | 57.806 | 6.292 | 2.165 | 0.872 | 56.596 | 55.268 |
Poland | 89.235 | 0.006 | 0.976 | −20.945 | 50.679 | 17.187 | 2.480 | 0.973 | 49.891 | 48.188 |
Portugal | 23.451 | 0.010 | 0.589 | −10.040 | 28.869 | 1.219 | 0.738 | 0.531 | 28.080 | 26.377 |
Romania | 4.833 | 0.221 | 0.226 | −15.686 | 40.583 | 1.321 | 1.133 | 0.129 | 39.373 | 38.045 |
Slovakia | 42.734 | −0.363 | 0.682 | −28.005 | 64.799 | 9.707 | 5.434 | 0.636 | 64.011 | 62.308 |
Slovenia | 10.810 | −0.249 | 0.466 | −15.763 | 40.736 | 1.584 | 1.126 | 0.399 | 39.525 | 38.198 |
Spain | 79.639 | −0.126 | 0.472 | −23.800 | 56.811 | 3.540 | 2.453 | 0.406 | 55.601 | 54.273 |
Sweden | 1.109 | 0.040 | 0.669 | 2.352 | 4.085 | 0.299 | 0.186 | 0.622 | 3.296 | 1.594 |
Countries | 2022 | Error | 2023 | Error | 2024 | Error | 2025 | Error | 2026 | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 51.928 | 1.3408 | 54.186 | 1.900 | 54.196 | 1.900 | 54.196 | 1.900 | 54.196 | 1.900 |
Belgium | 87.766 | 4.874 | 88.521 | 7.965 | 89.324 | 9.402 | 90.142 | 10.153 | 91.154 | 11.865 |
Bulgaria | 19.052 | 1.713 | 19.790 | 2.863 | 20.417 | 3.463 | 20.949 | 3.838 | 21.401 | 4.087 |
Croatia | 40.664 | 1.408 | 43.595 | 2.405 | 46.441 | 3.059 | 49.203 | 3.568 | 51.885 | 3.989 |
Cyprus | 5.173 | 0.176 | 5.288 | 0.246 | 5.332 | 0.289 | 5.398 | 0.316 | 5.398 | 0.335 |
Czechia | 223.945 | 17.840 | 224.404 | 36.185 | 233.637 | 43.459 | 239.229 | 47.195 | 239.858 | 49.248 |
Denmark | 57.302 | 3.657 | 58.101 | 57.403 | 59.285 | 6.807 | 59.446 | 7.451 | 59.751 | 7.861 |
Estonia | 1.745 | 0.729 | 2.389 | 0.968 | 2.650 | 1.001 | 2.756 | 1.007 | 2.799 | 1.008 |
Finland | 30.355 | 3.699 | 28.720 | 6.643 | 27.758 | 7.754 | 27.192 | 8.0165 | 26.860 | 8.104 |
France | 273.769 | 15.3902 | 277.906 | 29.404 | 282.248 | 37.857 | 286.804 | 44.181 | 287.563 | 49.211 |
Germany | 2738.199 | 103.926 | 2775.953 | 109.7291 | 2794.856 | 111.136 | 2804.320 | 111.487 | 2809.000 | 111.574 |
Greece | 39.776 | 2.19 | 39.966 | 4.552 | 40.003 | 6.595 | 40.261 | 6.362 | 40.356 | 6.959 |
Hungary | 25.558 | 1.289 | 26.500 | 1.663 | 26.932 | 1.731 | 27.129 | 1.745 | 27.220 | 1.748 |
Ireland | 15.083 | 0.965 | 15.249 | 1.150 | 15.373 | 1.241 | 15.465 | 1.289 | 15.535 | 1.316 |
Italy | 704.691 | 5.584 | 708.398 | 6.478 | 709.242 | 6.522 | 709.435 | 6.524 | 709.479 | 6.524 |
Latvia | 24.349 | 1.873 | 27.996 | 3.343 | 29.950 | 3.762 | 30.996 | 3.852 | 31.557 | 3.877 |
Lithuania | 13.405 | 1.357 | 13.061 | 2.114 | 12.744 | 2.592 | 12.450 | 2.940 | 12.178 | 3.201 |
Luxembourg | 5.379 | 0.389 | 5.497 | 0.496 | 5.572 | 0.533 | 5.619 | 0.547 | 5.649 | 0.552 |
Malta | 0.658 | 0.101 | 0.651 | 0.117 | 0.651 | 0.118 | 0.651 | 0.118 | 0.651 | 0.118 |
Netherlands | 69.026 | 2.165 | 70.678 | 4.538 | 72.070 | 5.647 | 73.243 | 6.318 | 74.232 | 6.754 |
Poland | 115.923 | 2.480 | 118.796 | 3.484 | 121.309 | 4.089 | 123.508 | 4.498 | 125.431 | 4.787 |
Portugal | 23.534 | 0.738 | 23.693 | 0.926 | 23.756 | 0.953 | 23.781 | 0.957 | 23.790 | 0.957 |
Romania | 5.743 | 1.133 | 5.224 | 1.365 | 4.951 | 1.422 | 4.807 | 1.438 | 4.732 | 1.442 |
Slovakia | 46.098 | 5.434 | 46.621 | 5.513 | 46.913 | 5.537 | 47.076 | 5.545 | 47.168 | 5.547 |
Slovenia | 9.383 | 1.126 | 9.760 | 1.383 | 10.042 | 1.508 | 10.253 | 1.574 | 10.411 | 1.609 |
Spain | 84.304 | 2.453 | 87.473 | 2.506 | 88.565 | 2.556 | 89.653 | 2.606 | 90.431 | 2.913 |
Sweden | 0.883 | 0.186 | 0.907 | 0.199 | 0.922 | 0.203 | 0.931 | 0.205 | 0.937 | 0.206 |
EU Countries | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Changes (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union—27 countries (from 2020) | 497,823.315 | 530,918.025 | 551,325.869 | 568,982.066 | 581,985.260 | 580,267.668 | 592,251.404 | 614,908.409 | 625,835.295 | 641,002.324 | 128.0 |
Euro area—20 countries (from 2023) | 451,411.483 | 480,224.794 | 497,847.621 | 509,626.081 | 519,596.712 | 515,202.221 | 524,627.337 | 540,838.083 | 545,597.788 | 555,207.273 | 122.9 |
Belgium | 8358.600 | 9129.900 | 9860.400 | 9814.400 | 9423.100 | 9546.600 | 9698.000 | 10,261.400 | 10,291.500 | 10,575.000 | 126.5 |
Bulgaria | 93.000 | 435.000 | 820.000 | 2511.000 | 1958.390 | 2244.673 | 2133.311 | 2231.674 | 2499.393 | 2180.253 | 2344.3 |
Czechia | 23,910.000 | 25,457.000 | 25,681.000 | 25,161.000 | 25,443.789 | 25,279.127 | 24,331.895 | 24,888.839 | 25,529.529 | 26,000.000 | 108.7 |
Denmark | 4587.832 | 5561.231 | 6285.248 | 9047.985 | 10,906.278 | 13,333.410 | 16,481.514 | 21,151.581 | 26,194.576 | 31,695.437 | 690.8 |
Germany | 280,646.000 | 298,275.000 | 314,418.000 | 320,998.000 | 323,250.000 | 318,527.000 | 317,935.000 | 325,115.000 | 314,773.000 | 317,236.000 | 113.0 |
Estonia | 302.000 | 403.000 | 550.000 | 722.000 | 540.000 | 571.000 | 581.000 | 832.000 | 762.400 | 700.000 | 231.8 |
Ireland | 2061.661 | 2186.842 | 2317.499 | 2327.724 | 2321.780 | 2108.248 | 2120.085 | 2105.006 | 2178.973 | 2229.546 | 108.1 |
Greece | 3704.000 | 3640.000 | 3826.000 | 4258.000 | 4484.000 | 4723.900 | 5232.830 | 5665.000 | 5325.642 | 6215.269 | 167.8 |
Spain | 20,072.000 | 14,791.000 | 10,954.000 | 11,557.000 | 12,237.000 | 12,374.000 | 12,184.000 | 13,539.000 | 13,644.000 | 13,902.579 | 69.3 |
France | 24,013.607 | 25,423.321 | 28,801.248 | 31,412.412 | 33,817.190 | 36,609.292 | 40,716.538 | 45,640.314 | 58,793.004 | 68,115.438 | 283.6 |
Croatia | 693.370 | 1096.494 | 1506.133 | 1952.042 | 2671.634 | 3081.243 | 3441.762 | 3480.516 | 4154.180 | 3811.788 | 549.7 |
Italy | 76,013.000 | 82,105.000 | 78,355.000 | 78,505.000 | 79,452.908 | 79,220.551 | 84,288.213 | 84,484.094 | 87,007.196 | 85,115.660 | 111.9 |
Cyprus | 466.000 | 475.000 | 471.000 | 492.000 | 504.345 | 553.550 | 578.767 | 556.275 | 559.040 | 231.619 | 49.7 |
Latvia | 2695.000 | 3136.000 | 3674.000 | 3762.000 | 3902.011 | 3643.253 | 3376.039 | 3358.877 | 2763.421 | 2322.853 | 86.2 |
Lithuania | 649.000 | 876.000 | 981.000 | 1341.000 | 1350.000 | 1554.000 | 1632.000 | 1617.000 | 1682.000 | 1750.000 | 269.6 |
Luxembourg | 653.087 | 701.203 | 739.381 | 832.910 | 866.983 | 915.433 | 753.191 | 755.440 | 690.900 | 548.266 | 83.9 |
Hungary | 3336.000 | 3323.000 | 3335.000 | 3708.000 | 4141.000 | 3916.000 | 3785.000 | 3748.000 | 3518.000 | 4085.000 | 122.4 |
Malta | 59.000 | 73.000 | 77.000 | 80.000 | 77.000 | 69.834 | 73.381 | 60.398 | 54.547 | 70.677 | 119.8 |
Netherlands | 12,777.000 | 13,094.000 | 13,733.059 | 13,377.410 | 13,508.671 | 13,696.226 | 14,913.297 | 17,428.542 | 17,926.824 | 17,617.699 | 137.9 |
Austria | 8006.158 | 11,899.034 | 12,340.901 | 12,515.183 | 13,021.335 | 9504.878 | 8983.395 | 8787.162 | 6684.902 | 7420.478 | 92.7 |
Poland | 7593.000 | 8685.000 | 9581.000 | 10,924.000 | 11,738.620 | 12,068.301 | 12,498.053 | 13,498.148 | 13,371.974 | 13,355.326 | 175.9 |
Portugal | 2763.000 | 3432.000 | 3457.000 | 3364.000 | 3561.284 | 3453.040 | 3355.158 | 3464.321 | 3651.991 | 3418.598 | 123.7 |
Romania | 822.000 | 810.000 | 767.000 | 739.000 | 755.471 | 864.936 | 794.294 | 772.084 | 970.035 | 970.035 | 118.0 |
Slovenia | 1454.000 | 1290.000 | 1242.000 | 1264.000 | 1076.471 | 1018.173 | 929.681 | 1128.738 | 1044.268 | 1014.803 | 69.8 |
Slovakia | 2300.000 | 4025.000 | 6223.000 | 6357.000 | 6384.000 | 6228.000 | 5984.000 | 5479.000 | 5472.000 | 5500.000 | 239.1 |
Finland | 3725.000 | 4173.000 | 4321.000 | 4694.000 | 7147.000 | 7804.000 | 7851.000 | 7080.000 | 8138.000 | 7411.000 | 198.9 |
Sweden | 6070.000 | 6422.000 | 7009.000 | 7265.000 | 7445.000 | 7359.000 | 7600.000 | 7780.000 | 8154.000 | 7509.000 | 123.7 |
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Bórawski, P.; Bełdycka-Bórawska, A.; Kapsdorferová, Z.; Rokicki, T.; Parzonko, A.; Holden, L. Perspectives of Electricity Production from Biogas in the European Union. Energies 2024, 17, 1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051169
Bórawski P, Bełdycka-Bórawska A, Kapsdorferová Z, Rokicki T, Parzonko A, Holden L. Perspectives of Electricity Production from Biogas in the European Union. Energies. 2024; 17(5):1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051169
Chicago/Turabian StyleBórawski, Piotr, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Zuzana Kapsdorferová, Tomasz Rokicki, Andrzej Parzonko, and Lisa Holden. 2024. "Perspectives of Electricity Production from Biogas in the European Union" Energies 17, no. 5: 1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051169