Green Material Prospects for Passive Evaporative Cooling Systems: Geopolymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evaporative Cooling Systems
2.1. Direct Evaporative Systems
2.2. Indirect Evaporative Systems
2.3. Modified Evaporative Coolers
3. Potential Porous Materials
3.1. Ceramics
3.2. Geopolymers
3.2.1. Application of Byproducts and Waste Products as Potential Raw Materials for Geopolymer Preparation
4. Design Consideration (Greener Prospects)
- What is the required cooling need?
- What is the average relative humidity of the area where cooling is needed?
- What is the wind condition in the area where the cooling is needed?
- Is there a good supply of water where the cooling system will be used?
- What kind of the cooling materials are available?
- Side effects.
5. Ingenious Designs
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | System Description | Type of Model | Results |
---|---|---|---|
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Ringvilaikul and Kumar [32,33] | Counter-flow indirect evaporative cooler made from flat sheet, stacked structure heat exchanger | Experimental and simulation | Wet bulb effectiveness (92%–114%) |
Bruno [34] | Counter-flow plate type exchanger based IEC | Experimental | Wet bulb effectiveness (106%–124%) |
Camargo et al. [35] | Comparison of Direct evaporating cooling (DEC) and indirect evaporative cooling | Analytical | - |
Eskra [36] | Two stage evaporative cooling | Simulation | Reduction of energy consumption (60%–75%) |
Kulkarni and Rajput [ 37] | Two stage evaporative cooler | Analytical | Saturate efficiency (64%–89%) |
Eskra [36] | Two stage evaporative cooler | Analytical | Wet bulb effectiveness (93%) |
Alonso [38] | Cross-flow IEC made from plate fin heat exchanger | Simulation | Wet bulb effectiveness (77%–93%) |
Guo [39] | IEC made from plate fin heat exchanger | Analytical | Wet bulb effectiveness (78%–95%) |
Zhan [40] | Cross-flow IEC made from plate fin heat exchanger | Analytical | Wet bulb effectiveness (50%–65%) |
Heidarnejad et al. [41] | Two stage DEC- IEC | Experimental | The effectiveness of the two stages is 108%–111% while the effectiveness of IEC is 55%–61%; 60% power saving. |
Heidarnejad et al. [42] | Hybrid system including DEC coupled with of nocturnal radiative cooling, cooling coil | Experimental | The results demonstrate the overall effectiveness of hybrid system is more than 100%. |
Phillips [43] | Chilled water coil conjunction with a DEC pad | Experimental | Using DEC in conjunction with a chilled coil results to 35% energy saving comparing the chilled coil for a LEED rated building, this corresponds to four credits for energy conservation. |
Bowman et al. [44] and Robinson et al. [45] | Passive down draught evaporative cooling (PDEC) | Simulation | Saving between 50% and 83%, depending upon occupancy and set point. Thermal comfort could not be achieved by PDEC only. |
Ibrahim et al. [22] | Porous ceramic evaporators (DEC) | Experimental Simulation Experimental | - |
Riffat et al. [46] | |||
He and Hoyano [47] |
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Emdadi, Z.; Asim, N.; Ambar Yarmo, M.; Shamsudin, R.; Mohammad, M.; Sopian, K. Green Material Prospects for Passive Evaporative Cooling Systems: Geopolymers. Energies 2016, 9, 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080586
Emdadi Z, Asim N, Ambar Yarmo M, Shamsudin R, Mohammad M, Sopian K. Green Material Prospects for Passive Evaporative Cooling Systems: Geopolymers. Energies. 2016; 9(8):586. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080586
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmdadi, Zeynab, Nilofar Asim, Mohd Ambar Yarmo, Roslinda Shamsudin, Masita Mohammad, and Kamaruzaman Sopian. 2016. "Green Material Prospects for Passive Evaporative Cooling Systems: Geopolymers" Energies 9, no. 8: 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080586