Non-Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors and Mechanisms of Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Non-Isothermal Oxidation Experiment
2.3. Microstructural Characterization
3. Calculation of Oxidation Activation Energy
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Oxidation Mass Gain and Activation Energies
4.2. Matrix Phases
4.3. Non-Isothermal Oxidation Mechanisms
4.3.1. Nearly Non-Oxidation Stage (Stage I)
4.3.2. Slow Oxidation Stage (Stage II)
4.3.3. Accelerated Oxidation Stage (Stage III)
4.3.4. Severe Oxidation Stage (Stage IV)
4.3.5. Decelerated Oxidation Stage (Stage V)
4.4. Reasons for the Occurrence of Internal Oxidation in the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb Alloy
5. Conclusions
- The non-isothermal oxidation behaviors of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb and Ti-24Al-15Nb-1.5Mo alloys are similar when the temperature is below 1280 °C, while the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy exhibits poorer oxidation resistance than the Ti-24Al-15Nb-1.5Mo alloy when the temperature exceeds 1280 °C, even though the oxidation rate of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy decreases significantly when the temperature is above 1350 °C.
- There are five stages in the non-isothermal oxidation process of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy, including nearly non-oxidation (<870 °C), slow oxidation (870–980 °C), accelerated oxidation (980–1280 °C), severe oxidation (1280–1350 °C) and decelerated oxidation (1350–1450 °C) stages. The corresponding oxidation mechanisms are as follows: oxygen-barrier effect of the thin titanium oxide film; oxygen dissolution in the alloy; growth of the oxide scale dominated by TiO2; internal oxidation of Al; formation of an oxygen-barrier Al2TiO5-rich layer by reaction between TiO2 and Al2O3 in the oxide scale.
- There are four stages in the non-isothermal oxidation process of the Ti-24Al-15Nb-1.5Mo alloy, including nearly non-oxidation (<800 °C), slow oxidation (800–1020 °C), accelerated oxidation (1020–1400 °C) and severe oxidation (1400–1450 °C) stages. The oxidation mechanisms for the first three stages are the same with that of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy, while the oxidation mechanism for the last stage is the dissolution, migration and re-precipitation of Al2O3 in the oxide.
- The tendency of internal oxidation for the different phases in the subsurface of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy is in the order of α > β > α2 > γ. The formation of α phase in the subsurface is the basic reason for the occurrence of internal oxidation in the Ti-46Al-2Cr-5Nb alloy. The tendency of internal oxidation in the TiAl-based alloys could be reduced through avoiding the formation of α phase by optimizing alloy ingredients such as increasing Al content or adding β-stabilizing elements.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | Temperature Range (°C) | Activation Energy (kJ/mol) | Matrix Phases | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiAl 1 | Ti3Al 2 | TiAl 1 | Ti3Al 2 | TiAl 1 | Ti3Al 2 | |
I | <870 | <800 | - | - | γ + α2 | α2 + O + B2 |
II | 870–980 | 800–1020 | 217.8 | 143.2 | γ + α2 | α2 + O + B2 → α2 + B2 |
III | 980–1280 | 1020–1400 | 249.8 | 244.8 | γ + α2 → γ + α→α | α2 + B2 → B2 → β |
IV | 1280–1350 | 1400–1450 | 985.0 | 608.6 | α | β |
V | 1350–1450 | - | - | - | α | - |
Microstructures in Figure 12a | Compositions (at.%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | Al | Nb | Mo | |
i | 42.99 | 20.15 | 34.66 | 2.2 |
ii | 87.35 | 4.95 | 7.7 | - |
iii | 75.62 | 12.77 | 11.23 | 0.37 |
iv | 42.67 | 19.57 | 34.77 | 2.99 |
Microstructures in Figure 14a | Compositions (at.%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | Al | Nb | Cr | O | |
i | 44.61 | 3.96 | 0.24 | - | 51.19 |
ii | 5.66 | 26.09 | - | - | 68.25 |
iii | 29.25 | 14.25 | 39.59 | 16.91 | - |
Phases | Parameters | Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vm/(cm3/mol) | DO/(m2/s) | DAl [45]/(m2/s) | DO/DAl | Ncrit(Al) | |
γ | 19.7 | <3.66 × 10−15 | 1.97 × 10−14 | <0.186 | <0.05 |
α2 | 40.7 | 3.66 × 10−15 [32] | 1.37 × 10−14 | 0.267 | 0.085 |
α | 10.6 | 3.54 × 10−11 [46] | 5.80 × 10−14 | 610.3 | 2.08 |
β | 11.0 | 3.75 × 10−10 [46] | 1.04 × 10−12 | 360.6 | 1.62 |
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Ouyang, P.; Mi, G.; Li, P.; He, L.; Cao, J.; Huang, X. Non-Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors and Mechanisms of Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds. Materials 2019, 12, 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132114
Ouyang P, Mi G, Li P, He L, Cao J, Huang X. Non-Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors and Mechanisms of Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds. Materials. 2019; 12(13):2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132114
Chicago/Turabian StyleOuyang, Peixuan, Guangbao Mi, Peijie Li, Liangju He, Jingxia Cao, and Xu Huang. 2019. "Non-Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors and Mechanisms of Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds" Materials 12, no. 13: 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132114