Microstructure and Isothermal Oxidation of Ir–Rh Spark Plug Electrodes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
3. Results
3.1. Mass Change of High-Temperature Oxidation
3.2. Surface Chemical Changes of High-Temperature Oxidation
3.3. Microstructural Characterization of High-Temperature Oxidation
4. Discussion
4.1. Oxide Formation
4.2. Role of Rh
4.3. Effect of the Wire-Drawing Process
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Before (g) | After (g) | Mass Change (g) | Weight Loss Ratio (%) | Mass Change (mg/mm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Ir | 0.2397 | 0.111 | 0.1287 | 53.69 | 1.498 |
IrRh10 | 0.2340 | 0.1968 | 0.0404 | 15.90 | 0.414 |
IrRh25 | 0.2417 | 0.219 | 0.0227 | 9.39 | 0.22 |
IrRh40 | 0.1266 | 0.1258 | 0.0008 | 0.63 | 0.013 |
Pure Rh | 0.0989 | 0.1016 | −0.0027 | −2.73 | −0.042 |
Composition | Atomic Concentration before Test (%) | Atomic Concentration after Test (%) | Binding Energy before Test (eV) | Binding Energy after Test (eV) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Ir | Ir: 61.26 | Ir: 61.10 | ||
Pure Rh | Rh: 307.61 | Rh: 307.2, Rh2O3: 308.24 | ||
IrRh10 | Ir: 83.25 | Ir: 46.42 | Ir: 61.41 | Ir: 61.08 |
Rh: 16.75 | Rh: 53.58 | Rh: 307.66 | Rh: 307.42, Rh2O3: 308.37 | |
IrRh25 | Ir: 63.22 | Ir: 38.19 | Ir: 61.13 | Ir: 61.10 |
Rh: 36.78 | Rh: 61.81 | Rh: 307.69 | Rh: 307.46, Rh2O3: 308.41 | |
IrRh40 | Ir: 44.11 | Ir: 32.04 | Ir: 61.02 | Ir: 61.07 |
Rh: 55.89 | Rh: 67.96 | Rh: 307.56 | Rh: 307.38, Rh2O3: 308.33 |
Element | Test Points(wt.%) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | 7# | 8# | 9# | 10# | 11# | 12# | 13# | 14# | 15# | |
Rh | 28.23 | 28.62 | 28.09 | 27.1 | 29.5 | 28.88 | 26.9 | 26.57 | 27.27 | 26.0 | 28.17 | 26.41 | 26.48 | 27.47 | 27.22 |
Ir | 71.77 | 71.38 | 71.91 | 72.9 | 70.5 | 71.12 | 73.1 | 73.43 | 72.73 | 74.0 | 71.83 | 73.59 | 73.52 | 72.53 | 72.78 |
Element | IrRh10 (wt.%) | IrRh25 (wt.%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | 2# | 3# | 1# | 2# | 3# | |
O | 10.484 | 26.979 | 7.352 | 6.343 | 7.331 | 5.949 |
Rh | 63.978 | 52.988 | 32.458 | 60.974 | 56.64 | 32.849 |
Ir | 25.537 | 20.033 | 60.19 | 32.683 | 36.029 | 61.203 |
Element | Test Points (wt.%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | 7# | |
O | 5.158 | 2.439 | 0.396 | 23.228 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rh | 27.826 | 59.068 | 66.66 | 39.461 | 68.066 | 70.018 | 23.352 |
Ir | 67.016 | 38.493 | 32.945 | 37.311 | 31.934 | 29.982 | 76.648 |
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Zhao, S.; Xia, J.; Xia, Y.; Chen, J.; Du, D.; Yang, H.; Liu, J. Microstructure and Isothermal Oxidation of Ir–Rh Spark Plug Electrodes. Materials 2019, 12, 3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193226
Zhao S, Xia J, Xia Y, Chen J, Du D, Yang H, Liu J. Microstructure and Isothermal Oxidation of Ir–Rh Spark Plug Electrodes. Materials. 2019; 12(19):3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193226
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Shifang, Jingyi Xia, Yimin Xia, Jianming Chen, Dekui Du, Huimu Yang, and Jie Liu. 2019. "Microstructure and Isothermal Oxidation of Ir–Rh Spark Plug Electrodes" Materials 12, no. 19: 3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193226