Material Characterization of PMC/TBC Composite Under High Strain Rates and Elevated Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Using SHPB
3. Materials and Methodology
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Static Tests
4.2. Dynamic Tests at Ambient Temperature
- With increasing impact velocity, repeatability of results is higher; however, to prove this thesis, it is necessary to perform tests on series with greater numbers of samples. Of course, there is no claim that the differences in the graphs are in the last stage when the sample is destroyed in an uncontrolled manner. However, for sample 1 and load 1 bar, and sample 2 and load 2 bar, there are differences in the first stage of loading.
- As the velocity of impact increases, the elastic limit increases: The elastic limit can be taken as the end of a straight section. It is especially noticeable for 1 bar and 2 bar loads. The elastic limits determined on the basis of the graphs are: 100 MPa, 160 MPa, and 220 MPa respectively, for 1, 1.5, and 2 bar loads or corresponding strain rates ≈1500, ≈2000, and ≈2500 1/s. The dynamic modulus, whose determination methods are presented in [30], was also increasing.
- There is a limit value for dynamic strength: As the load velocity increases, the maximum stress value increases from 350 MPa for a load of 1 bar to 400 MPa for a load of 1.5 bar. A similar value was also obtained for a 2 bar load.
- The nature of the damage can be determined from the shape of the graph.
4.3. Dynamic Tests at Elevated Temperatures
5. Numerical Studies
- σ11—the normal stresses in the first direction;
- σ22—the normal stresses in the second direction;
- τ12—the shear stresses;
- X1—the tensile strength in the first direction;
- X2—the tensile strength in the second direction;
- S—the shear strength.
6. Conclusions
- The technology presented in this work is not expensive and can be used to protect large composite objects.
- The dynamic load limit that the PMC/TBC structure may undergo has been determined. It corresponds to a pressure of 1 bar (strain rate ≈1500 1/s) and an impact speed V0 in the range of 7.73–8.26 m/s.
- Increasing the operating temperature of the PMC/TBC system to 90 °C results in a reduction of the dynamic strength of the protective coating by about 50%. Therefore, further research should be carried out for other materials stiffening the ceramic mat.
- The numerical model was made in the Abaqus program. Its version without damage description successfully predicted the elastic behavior of the PMC/TBC structure. The results obtained in the numerical simulation are consistent with the laboratory tests. The small difference in comparison to the experiments was due to imperfectly cubic samples’ geometry and lack of an ideal contact between bars and sample surfaces. A numerical model will be developed to include gradual degradation of the PMC/TBC structure under impact to the final failure.
- The FEM simulation allowed for a detailed determination of the effort of the substrate material and the protective layer. The stress in the protective layer was 300.2 MPa, while the effort in each layer of the composite was very low; i.e., did not exceed 53%.
- The reduced H–M–H stress distributions obtained in FEM simulation are consistent with images of damaged samples after laboratory tests. The middle part of the sample has the least effort, and the material begins to be damaged from the sample edges.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Dimensions [mm] | Pressure [bar] | Initial Impact Velocity V0 [m/s] | Temperature T0 [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1_1 | 12.11 × 12.12 × 3.87 | Quasi-static test | 21 | |
1_2 | 12.18 × 12.22 × 3.96 | Quasi-static test | 21 | |
1_3 | 12.17 × 12.21 × 4.00 | Quasi-static test | 21 | |
2_1 | 12.12 × 12.13 × 3.84 | ≈1 | 7.730 | 21 |
2_2 | 12.14 × 12.28 × 3.91 | ≈1 | 7.717 | 21 |
2_3 | 12.12 × 12.12 × 3.86 | ≈1 | 8.266 | 21 |
3_1 | 12.11 × 12.03 × 3.90 | ≈1.5 | 9.765 | 21 |
3_2 | 12.14 × 12.16 × 3.87 | ≈1.5 | 10.604 | 21 |
3_3 | 12.25 × 12.14 × 3.95 | ≈1.5 | 9.777 | 21 |
4_1 | 12.16 × 12.16 × 3.93 | ≈2 | 11.848 | 21 |
4_2 | 12.11 × 12.16 × 3.94 | ≈2 | 11.848 | 21 |
4_3 | 12.11 × 12.14 × 3.99 | ≈2 | 11.844 | 21 |
5_1 | 12.12 × 12.08 × 3.84 | ≈1 | 7.347 | 55 |
5_2 | 12.09 × 12.05 × 3.81 | ≈1 | 8.179 | 55 |
5_3 | 12.13 × 12.12 × 3.86 | ≈1 | 7.658 | 55 |
6_1 | 12.03 × 12.11 × 3.85 | ≈1 | 7.558 | 90 |
6_2 | 12.16 × 12.17 × 3.85 | ≈1 | 7.319 | 90 |
6_3 | 12.14 × 12.14 × 3.80 | ≈1 | 6.994 | 90 |
E1 [GPa] | E1 [GPa] | ν12 [-] | G12 [GPa] | ||||
55.5 | 55.5 | 0.04 | 3.00 | ||||
Xt [MPa] | Xc [MPa] | Yt [MPa] | Yc [MPa] | S [MPa] | |||
828 | 580 | 828 | 580 | 105 |
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Golewski, P.; Rusinek, A.; Sadowski, T. Material Characterization of PMC/TBC Composite Under High Strain Rates and Elevated Temperatures. Materials 2020, 13, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010167
Golewski P, Rusinek A, Sadowski T. Material Characterization of PMC/TBC Composite Under High Strain Rates and Elevated Temperatures. Materials. 2020; 13(1):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010167
Chicago/Turabian StyleGolewski, Przemysław, Alexis Rusinek, and Tomasz Sadowski. 2020. "Material Characterization of PMC/TBC Composite Under High Strain Rates and Elevated Temperatures" Materials 13, no. 1: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010167
APA StyleGolewski, P., Rusinek, A., & Sadowski, T. (2020). Material Characterization of PMC/TBC Composite Under High Strain Rates and Elevated Temperatures. Materials, 13(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010167